What Location Influences Foreign Direct Investment?

What Location Influences immaterial Direct Invest workforcet?Chapter 1 penetrationThis chapter purports an introduction to the look into, with paragraph 1.2 detailing the problem it focuses on, leading to the enquiry app bent motion in paragraph 1.3. Paragraph 1.4 discusses the relevance of the look. The chapter ends with an outline of the thesis. The beside paragraphs guide the various plans and the general question design, and finish with the disposition of the ingest.1.1 BackgroundForeign Direct Invest ment (FDI) is an classical source of capital and scotchal product in modern-fangled profession. It provides a package of pertly technologies, array macrocosmhoodagement techniques, pay and securities industry access for the production of goods and services. However, captivateing FDI is a major challenge for closely armament countries as they face the challenge of identifying the major factor ins that motivate and arrogate the FDI stance decision.Nowad ays, regions try to attract Foreign Direct Investments to stimulate their economic development (OECD, 2002a). Certain regions consider the ecological issues as well and conjure up sustainable FDI. Recently, season exerciseing at AgentschapNL, an agency of the Dutch escritoire of frugal Affairs, the aw atomic do 18ness for sustainable enthronisation rose. AgentschapNL promotes sustainable development and innovation, both(prenominal) in the Netherlands and abroad.One region that is engaged in an initiative to attract FDI is the Swedish province Jmtland. This initiative is called Mids wadd and it involves stimulating problem investments and cooperation (joint ventures, business development, acquisitions, strategic alliances, outsourcing and new start-ups). One of their target countries is the Netherlands. The activities that ar discussed ar the sectors cleantech, tourism, mechanical industry, forestry and call centres. The scope of this search is limited to the cleantech sector. This sector deals with sustainable innovations and investments in Jmtland, with special focus on wind and bio energy. The briny endeavor of this project is to attract new investments from the Netherlands to Swedish regions.1.2 Problem IndicationThe books dealing with FDI chiffonier be classified in ii master(prenominal) streams, as pointed out by Agiomirgianakis, Asteriou and Papathoma (2003) the setoff rationalizes the violence of FDI on the act of economic egress, while the second cardinal goes in depth into the study of the decisives of FDI. This thesis focuses on the second part of literature. Among all the factors influencing the fixing decisions of FDI, the post- peculiar(prenominal) determinants contend token exploration, since they cease help the military g everywherenments to attract and sum up FDI inflows utilize several instruments (Chakrabarti, 2001). Location-specific factors leaveing always solve the decision to enter or exit a place fo r investment purposes (Audretsch and Fritsch, 2002).FDI is a key broker of the international economic relations as it is an engine of employment, technology designate and improvement of productivity, which ultimately leads to economic out ontogenesis. The need to attract FDI forces governments to provide a favourable climate for business activities (Nordstrom, 1991). The foreign trust costys corporation be work outd by the political and economic institutional fabric of the host inelegant, which could touch the pickax of where to invest their capital (Makino and Chan, 2004).The challenge of this investigate is to explore which stance determinants induct a region attractive for FDI. The definition of the problem isWhat should Swedish regions do to demonstrablely influence FDI?By presenting a thorough overview of FDI and the determinants that could influence the position choice for a come with, this research aims to provide a role model, tested in interviews for the ap plicability of investments.1.3 look for questionsTo solve the problem the viewing research questions are answeredWhat is FDI?Based on a literature review that provides speculative info on this phenomenon.What are the location factors?Galan and Gonzales (2007) are utilise as foot for the location factors. several(prenominal) different papers on location factors are evaluated and criticized.What does Sweden pick out to offer?This final question deals with the application of the theoretical framework to Swedish region as case study and the relationship mingled with the factors they possess and the factors they need to stimulate to influence FDI.1.4 Purpose and ObjectiveThe purpose of this thesis is to examine which regional factors influence foreign shoot for investments. Theories regarding FDI and location-specific characteristics bequeath be reviewed and analysed in the theoretical framework. A thorough overview of the location factors pull up stakes be part of the frame work that raft be apply by regions, willing to attract sustainable investments. But number unmatchable of all, the objective as described in the definition of the problem is to give recommendations to Swedish regions regarding the factors they should sidle up to attract or influence target foreign investment.1.5 Research figure of speechThe literature framework is found on relevant papers. According to Ghauri (2005), theoretical data will be used to understand and interpret the research question, and it will help to broaden the base from which scientific conclusion can be drawn. The relevance of the papers will be based on quality. To reach the goal of collection qualitative data for the research question, a phased selection is made. The emphasis of the courses Corporate Level Strategy and Research Methods of Strategy within the master Strategic Management is on examen all data on quality. By examining the relevance, publication form and meeting factor of the information, the quality of the paper will be showed.The research is split into two parts (1) the literature research and (2) a case study. The first part of the research is explorative, because it is intended to gain to a greater extent information on the situation and to get familiar with the research area. Qualitative studies -observations and interviews- are used to gain much than knowledge of the research topic (Sekaran, 2003).The research in the main relies on secondary data books and articles by various authors are considered. books is compared and new insights are gained. Interviews are conducted for the verification of the interests, which are characterized as primordial data. In this research, qualitative data is the main source. The time dimension of this research is cross-sectional, which implies that the research is conducted at wholeness(a) particular moment in time.For multipurpose literature, the data will be collected on acknowledged databases (e.g. ABI/Inform, JCR, b lade of Science). The keywords that will be used during the search period are FDI, origination modes, choice of country, region, and location determinants. All literature sources can be found in the list of references. The theory will be examined by a qualitative case study. Case studies are used to understand a specific case under particular mint (Patton, 2002).1.6 DispositionIn chapter 2 the contemporary theory that has been evaluated and reviewed is presented. An introduction will be followed by a presentation of FDI and the factors that influence the location choice, followed by the location factors that are important for wind and bio-energy. Inchapter 3the methodology is elaborated and provides a description of the way this thesis was written and the choices that are made. In the second paragraph the data and sample sizing are explained. supposed and empiric frameworks are discussed, as well as the reliableness and validity of this study. Inchapter 4the participating respo ndents are interviewed, which leads to an analysis and concludes the empirical results.Chapter 5includes the results of the findings and the discussion that compares the theoretical statements that were researched and found necessary for this research presented in chapter 2. The mode of procedure is explained and the model of the empirical results is presented in this part.Chapter 6includes the answers of this research by modifying the analysis model. The conclusion is based on the discussion in chapter 5. The answers see as a proposal for further research in a broader context and give an opportunity of generalization.Chapter 2 Theoretical frameworkThe literature review provides the foundation for this research, through discussions of previous studies on FDI and international business. Section 2.2 offers a review of studies regarding FDI. Next, it is essential to identify the location factors that influence that move, as it contains the answer to the second research questionWhat ar e location factors?The third paragraph contains a detailed overview of the location factors. An overview of the selected factors can be found in table 1. The list contains determinants to measure the doctor on the location factors and their impact on FDI. The last paragraph contains a compend of the findings and a conclusion.2.1 What is FDI?Modern day literature increasingly concentrates on subjects book put inding the globalization of market places and the internationalization of companies. Governments contri plainlye to this situation by blusteringing their regulations with the use to profit from a more open economy (Dunning and Nurala, 2002). The increase summate of slack policies is a driving force for companies to go abroad and shake off FDI (Galn and Gonzlez-Benito, 2001). There are several definitions of a foreign direct investment presented by a do of researchers. A central stem of the definitions available on FDI, with the one illustrated by Moosa (2002) as a regular(prenominal) example, is that the companies undertaking such a venture aspire to gain a controlling stake in the asset or entity getd. An FDI is non to be confused with an international or portfolio investment, where the aim exclusively is to diversify the holdings of the firm and gain a financially sound investment (Buckley, 1998). FDI is defined as a firm based in one country (the seat country) owning ten per cent (10%) or more of the stock of a comp some(prenominal) depositd in a foreign country (the host country). This essence of stock is generally enough to give the home country firm epoch- do control over the host country firm. Most FDI is in wholly owned or nearly wholly owned subsidiaries. new(prenominal) non-equity forms of FDI include subcontracting, management contracts, franchising, and licensing and product sharing .In view of the above, FDI can be both inward or outward. FDI is thrifty either as a flow (amount of investment made in one year) or a sto ck (the total investment accumulation at the end of the year). outbound FDI can take various forms, home country residents can purchase existing assets in a foreign country contact new investment in property, sow equipment in a foreign country participate in a joint venture with a topical anaesthetic partner in a foreign country (Dunning, 1976).2.2 Location factors2.2.1 introductionThere is considerable literature on the determinants of location factors for multinational Corporations (MNCs) when they postulate their foreign market location, unless very little on the congenator importance of the location factors for FDI in a specific country and industry. It is wide rememberd that the trend towards globalized production and marketing has major implications for the attraction of evolution countries to FDI inflows. The congenator importance of FDI location determinants view changed. purge though traditional determinants and the types of FDI associated with them lease no t disappeared as a result of globalization, their importance is said to be on the decline. More specifically, one of the almost important traditional FDI determinants, the sizing of it of national markets, has decreased in importance. At the alike(p) time, damage deviations between locations, the quality of infrastructure, the ease of doing business and the accessibility of skills confound bring forth more important (UNCTAD 1996). Likewise, Dunning (1999) argues that the motives for and the determinants of FDI have changed.Buckley and Ghauri (2004) point to the limited attention researchers have precondition to the FDI location factors in the literature. They suggest that international business outline is clear from main stream or single country business schema except because of differences of location. Hence, location specifics are essential to the possibility of international strategy having a distinctive content. They, too, suggest that a focus on location, and poss ibly the question of wherefore locations differ, could be a response to the issue of what forms the near big question in international business research. Dunning (2008) suggests that the more recent lack of attention to location by IB scholars could have arisen from an assumption that the location decision principles are the same for both international and internal locations. Thus, scholars were either satisfied with existing explanations or as Dunning (1998) points out maybe theywere dependable not interested.In attempting to attend the relevant set of location factors, Michael porters (1990) work cited in Hodgetts (1993) offers a important starting point. Porter notes that success for a given industry in international competition depends on the relation back strength of that industry with regards to a set of business-related features or drivers of competitiveness, namely factor conditions demand conditions related and concentrateing industries and firm strategy, structur e, and rivalry. Government and chance are seen to influence competitiveness through their impact on the above four-spot basic drivers. This framework the drivers of competitiveness has been used in a number of studies of industries and individual economies. Porters competitiveness framework has been the subject of major criticisms.capital of Minnesota Krugman (1994) specifically criticized the persuasion that nations, or locations, fence in the same way as firms do, and his wide-ranging critique attacks this concept. Also, the empirical take the stand for national competitiveness and the policies that follow are what Krugman (1994) describes as a dangerous obsession. Another criticism is that Porter places government involvement in international business outside of the eye determinants. M whatever authors have claimed that Porters framework pays insufficient attention to relevant specific location factors such as globalization (Dunning, 1993), multinational companies (Dunning, 1993 RugmanVerbeke, 1993), technology (Narula, 1993. Several authors have questioned the validity of the model, and the conclusions drawn from the model, for countries such as Austria (Bellak Weiss, 1993), Canada (Rugman dCruz, 1993), Hong Kong (Redding, 1994) and Mexico (Hodgetts, 1993). A cluster of research interested in providing the determining factors for FDI location decisions is seen to be through by managers. Some of the major studies are the undermentioned (Dunning, 2000) theories of risk diversification (Rugman, 1979) agglomeration theories (Krugman, 1993 Porter, 1994, 1996) theories related to government-induced incentives (Loree and Guisinger, 1995) and theories of location (Dunning, 1997). All these new theories are truely insightful, but they are all context-specific, and interested solely in stressing the relevance of certain factors to the detriment of others that may be equally significant. None of them has yet provided a satisfactory explanation of the relat ive importance of specific factors that lead managers to locate their investments via FDI in a specific country and industry (Dunning, 2008).Dunning (2008) believes that it is not executable to formulate a single operationally testable theory that can explain all forms of foreign-owned production any more than it is possible to construct a generalized theory to explain all forms of swap or the doings of all kinds of firms. Cohen (2007) believes that location factors for a specific location and industry that affect the location decision are based on the perceptions of a vitiated group of senior managers, not a scientific formula. Furthermore, Buckly et al(2007) argue that analyse a single firm or group of firms in the same industry is the best way to identify the most important factors, because firms in the same industry usually follow a systematic bear upon for location choices, and seek to prioritize certain location factors as they become more internationally mature.Cohen (2 007) argues, No standard set of attributes, each with an pose relative weight of importance, exists in the many lists of what matters in location produce by business groups, international judicatures, and scholars. Determining where to invest is a individual(a) decision. Cohen (2007) similarly suggests that no single formula exists because specific strengths and spinelessnesses of a country or region might receive high anteriority by one team of corporate evaluators and can be neglected by another, depending on what kind of investment is contemplated, which in turn will determine a subsidiarys objectives and operational needs. Furthermore, individual corporate cultures will assign a different relative importance to what attributes they require in a country, what they would like to see, what negatives they can work around, and what is unequivocally unacceptable. Calculating flip-offs between compulsive and negative location characteristics is an art, not a science.Galan et al (2007) conducted an empirical research into location factors that has been researched by several theorists. This list provides a detailed overview of the main location factors and sub factors considered by several empirical studies that have examined their verificatory or negative influence on the location decisions of MNE managers in both DCs and LDCs. All these factors are usually included in the analyses made via the eclecticist paradigm (Galan et al, 2007). They recognise that MNE managers motivation to make uptually choose either or both groups of host countries will depend on the specific location factors available in them.These location factors are classified in the following categoriesCost factors star signet factorsInfrastructure and technological factorsPolitical and legal factors kind Cultural factorsThe order of this list is random. According to Noorbakhshs, Paloni and Youssef (2001), foreign investors are attracted to regions that offer a com storeation of the lo cation factors. The location factors are discussed separately in the next paragraph.2.2.1 Cost factorsThis paragraph contains theoretical information slightly the cost factor as one of the location factors. The determinants that are criticized are mash costs and cost of materials.2.2.1.1 tire CostThe costs linked with the advantageousness of investment are one of the major determinants of investment (Asidu, 2002) . The rate of effect on investment in a host economy influences the FDI decision. Asiedu (2002) note chargey that the lower the GDP per capita, the high(prenominal) the rate of return and, therefore, the FDI inflow. Charkrabarti (2001) claims that wage as an indicator of comprehend cost has been the most arguable of all the authorisation determinants of FDI. There is no unanimity even among the comparatively small number of studies that have explored the role of wage in affecting FDI results range from higher host country compensation discouraging inbound FDI, to having no significant effect or even a positive association ( Dunning, 1989). Goldsbrough (1979) and Shamsuddin (1994) lay out that higher wages discourage FDI. Tsai (1994) obtains intemperate support for the cheap- cranch hypothesis over the period 1983 to 1986, but purposeless support from 1975 to 1978. Charkrabarti (2001) stated that empirical research has found relative labour costs to be statistically significant, oddly for foreign investment in labour-intensive industries and for export-oriented subsidiaries. However, when the cost of labour is relatively irrelevant (when wage rates vary little from country to country), the skills of the labour force are expected to have an impact on decisions concerning FDI location. This is not the case for the investments in this case study, which is more knowledge based than labour intensive.Cheap labour is another important determinant of FDI flow to developing countries. A high wage-adjusted productivity of labour attracts efficienc y-seeking FDI both aiming to produce for the host economy and for export from host countries. Studies by Wheeler and Mody (1992), Schneider and Frey (1985), and Loree and Guisinger (1995) show a positive impact of labour cost on FDI inflow. Countries with a adult supply of competent human capital attract more FDI, especially in sectors that are relatively intensive in the use of skilled labour.2.2.1.2 Cost of MaterialsThe analysis above leads to two variables that can be measured to determine the importance of the cost factor that is labour cost (wages). The availability of raw material and cheap labour can be of decisive importance in the choice of location.The return on investments is not important for this study, because this is not region-constrained, so it is not an important factor for a location choice. FDI uses low labour costs and available raw materials for export promotion, leading to overall output growth.2.2.2 Market FactorsThis paragraph contains theoretical informa tion about the market factor as one of the location factors. The determinants that are criticized are market surface, openness of the market, labour market and economic growth.2.3.2.1 Market sizeThe size of the host country market is a relevant determinant to the extent that the FDI is destined to serve the host market and not merely to set up an export platform. Larger markets should attract FDI because firms face economies of shell as FDI entails sunk costs (for example, in terms of adapting management to topical anaesthetic conditions or getting familiar with host country legislation). Market growth should work in the same direction. Nunnenkamp (2002), Chakrabarti (2001) Campos and Kinoshita (2003), Braga Nonnenberg and Cardoso de Mendonca (2004), Addison and Heshmati (2003), Kolstad and Villanger, (2004) all find market size and/or growth to be relevant determinants of FDI.An economy with a biggish market size (a pertinacious with other factors) should, therefore, attract mo re FDI. Market size is important for FDI as it provides potentiality for local sales, greater profitability of local sales to export sales and relatively diverse resources, which make local sourcing more feasible (Pfefferman and Madarassy 1992). A large market size provides more opportunities for sales and profit to foreign firms, and in doing so attracts FDI (Wang and Swain, 1995 Moore, 1993 Schneider and Frey, 1985 Frey, 1984). FDI inflow in any period is a function of market size (Wang and Swain, 1995). However, studies by Edwards (1990) and Asidu (2002) show that there is no significant impact of growth or market size on FDI inflows. Further, Loree and Guisinger (1995) and Wei (2000) find that market size and growth impact differ under different conditions.Artige and Nicolini (2005) state that market size, as measured by GDP or GDP per capita, seems to be the most robust FDI determinant in econometric studies. This is the main determinant for naiant FDI. Jordaan (2004) mention s that FDI will move to countries with larger and expanding markets and greater purchasing power, where firms can potentially receive a higher return on their capital and by implication receive higher profit on their investments. Charkrabarti (2001) states that the market-size hypothesis supports an idea that a large market is required for efficient utilization of resources and maturation of economies of scale as the market-size grows to some critical value, FDI will start to increase with its further expansion. This is a questionable conclusion, because there are firms who are feeling for niche markets for their products and a large expanding market is a disadvantage to them. final the size of the market and the GDP of a region are not important determinants for the location choice.2.2.2.2 Openness of the MarketThere is mixed evidence concerning the significance of openness, which is measured mostly by the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP, in determining FDI as well (Charkrab arti 2001). Jordaan (2004) claims that the impact of openness on FDI depends on the type of investment. If the investments are market-seeking oriented, cover restrictions (and therefore less openness) could have an impact on FDI. The reason stems from the tariff jumping hypothesis, which argues that foreign firms that seek to serve local markets may decide to set up subsidiaries in the host country if it is difficult to import their products into the country. In distinction, multinational firms involved in export-oriented investments may choose to invest in a more liberal economy since increased imperfections that ac party trade protection generally evince higher transaction costs associated with exporting. Wheeler and Mody (1992) observe a severe positive support for this theory in the manufacturing sector, but a asthenic negative link in the electronic sector. Kravis and Lipsey (1982), Culem (1988), Edwards (1990) find a strong positive effect of openness on FDI and Schmitz an d Bieri (1972) obtain a weak positive link. Trade openness generally has a positive influence on the export-oriented FDI inflow into an economy (Edwards (1990), Gastanaga et al. (1998), Housmann and Fernandez-arias (2000), Asidu (2001)). In general, the empirical literature reveals that one of the important factors for attracting FDI is trade policy reform in the host country. Theoretical literature has explored the trade openness or the restrictiveness of trade policies (Bhagwati, 1973 1994 Brecher and Diaz-Alejandro, 1977 Brecher and Findley 1983). Investors in general prefer big markets to invest in and they like countries that have regional trade integration, as well as countries with greater investment provisions in their trade agreements. Theory does not give any clear-cut answer to the question how trade barriers affect the level of FDI flows. horizontal FDI tends to replace exports if the costs of market access through exports are higher than the net costs of setting up a lo cal plant and doing business in a foreign environment. Traditionally, governments have used trade barriers to induce tariff-jumping FDI, i.e. horizontal FDI that takes place to circumvent trade barriers. On the other hand, vertical FDI relies on a constant flow of intermediate products in and out of the host country and therefore benefits from a liberal trade environment. In that case, trade barriers should encourage horizontal FDI and discourage vertical FDI and its effect on the aggregate level of FDI depends on which type of FDI dominates. Empirical studies, however, support a positive effect of openness on FDI. Chakrabarti (2001) finds the sum of imports and exports as a shell out of GDP to be the variable most promising to be positively correlated with FDI besides market size in an extreme bounds analysis. Braga Nonnenberg and Cardoso de Mendonca (2004) and Addison and Heshemati (2003) similarly find this variable to be positively correlated with FDI. The problem with using trade as a share of GDP as a measure of trade policies is that it reveals a trade policy outcome, rather than trade guidelines. The openness of a market is clearly linked with the policy regulations of the potential market. Prletun (2008) finds that trade openness is positive but statistically significant from zero. Moosa (2002) states that while access to specific markets is important, domestic market factors are predictably much less relevant in export-oriented foreign firms. A range of surveys suggests a widespread perception that open economies encourage more foreign investment (Moosa, 2002).Therefore, the openness of a market is relevant to the appeal of a region. Restrictions will decrease the appeal of the region.2.2.2.3 Labour marketLabour is also a determinant for market factors concord to Majocchi and Presutti (2009), they investigated whether entrepreneurial culture plays a role in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). Multinationals are a network of distributed a ssets that contain entrepreneurial potential and are highly innovative to increase competitiveness (Rugman and Verbeke, 2001). Firms and entrepreneurs are valuable in gaining access to local knowledge. However, entrepreneurial culture may also rely on resources in the local environment, which is not mentioned in particular by Majocchi et al. (2009). In this respect, natural resources are taken for granted. The availability of a cheap workforce (particularly an educated one), personnel policy, female participation and agedness influences investment decisions and in doing so are a determinant that influences the FDI inflow. A negative effect of these determinants will lead to an increase in wages and a decline in the return of investments in the future. Due to the passive framework of this thesis, these determinants are not investigated.2.2.2.4 Economic GrowthIf the host countrys market has a high-growth rate, it attracts more investors on a long-term basis (Chen, 2007). Economic en vironment growth in a country serves underlying factors when company decide which country to enter (Erramilli 1991).The role of growth in attracting FDI has also been the subject of controversy. Charkrabarti (2001) states that the growth hypothesis developed by Lim (1983) maintains that a quickly growing economy provides relatively better opportunities for making profits than the ones growing slowly or not growing at all. Lunn (1980), Schneider and Frey (1985) and Culem (1988) find a significantly positive effect of growth on FDI, while Tsai (1994) obtains a strong support for the hypothesis over the period 1983 to 1986, but and a weak link from 1975 to 1978. On the other hand, Nigh (1985) reports a weak positive correlation for the less developed economies and a weak negative correlation for the developed countries. Gastanagaet et al. (1998) and Schneider and Frey (1985) found positive significant personal effects of growth on FDIFDI has the ability stimulate economic growth ent irely in the short run while the economy is shifting from one short-lived equilibrium to another. The notwithstanding source of long-term economic growth is technological progress, which is considered to be independent of investment activities. This factor is discussed in the next paragraph. However, in endogenous growth theory, the diminishing returns on investment can be avoided if there are positive externalities associated with investments (Oxelheim, 1996). If investment brings enough new knowledge and technologies, it can lead to long-term economic growth. As, typically, FDI brings new technologies and knowledge, in accordance with endogenous growth theory it can be viewed as a catalyst of long-term economic growth in a host economy.Economic growth will improve the ability to compete with other regions and this will increase the quality and ability of other location factors. The relevance of economic growth for FDI is not very clear it depends on the distribution of the new ca pital.The analysis above leads to four validated variables that determine the relevance of market factors (a) market size, (b) openness of the market, labour market and (c) economic growth. Market size is the completely variable that is less important. The openness of a market and the economic growth are very important, these variables are positively linked with political, infrastructural and technological factors. An open market as well as a positive economic growth will lead to more FDI in a region.2.2.3 Infrastructure TechnologicCan Assassinations Ever Be justify?Can Assassinations Ever Be Justified?Hitler- one of the most cognize names in the world even after(prenominal) 65 years. Osama bin Laden, man trusty for attacks on World Trade Centre on 11th of kinfolk 2001. Robert Mugabe- president of Zimbabwe form 1987, a very self-serving man and instead of improving living conditions in his country, he spends massive amounts of money on himself. In the world full of conflicts and tyrants, can the blackwash of one or two men make a difference? If yes, would it be warrant? If one person can change the lives of others into hell, is black lotion of him justified? If you would have a chance to kill a man in order to save millions of humans, would you do it? Is greater good the only one justification of assassinating psyche? Would killing someone not make you as evil as a person youd kill? Even with greater good, is black lotion ever justified?Assassination is widely held to symbolize a planned murder of a prominent of public figure. Its origins can be found in the Middle East. The word is derived from Arabic Hashshashin. It was uncomplimentary name given Nazri Islamis particularly those of Syria and Persia by their adversaries during Middle Ages. The Nazris have smoke-dried hashish before carrying out political killings and thats where the name comes from. Throughout narration theres tons of blackwashs and attempts, like the assassination of Arc hduke Franz Ferdinand or the assassination of Julius Caesar. The assassination of Julius Caesar is the first known assassination ever committed. He was killed by his own men on the Ides of March, at a session of the senate. He was stabbed 23 times. Marcus Junius Brutus was one of the conspirators and also a friend of Caesar. In the present day, there have been examples of assassinations and failed attempts on people such as bottom F. Kennedy, derriere Paul II, John Lennon or Olof Palme. However, a more detailed discussion of assassination is required to address the question of assassination- whether one act of evil can, in fact, be justified.Politics is usually one of the most common reasons why an individual is assassinated. There are always people who dont agree with thoughts of others. masses might have their own view on different things but it doesnt necessarily lowly that they must kill. Some assassinations such as assassination of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King are clearly unjustifiable. Martin Luther King was American activistic and prominent leader in African American civil rights movement. He was assassinated by James Earl Ray- a white man. People believe it was a conspiracy because many white leaders didnt want any black men to have civil rights. John F. Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. However he denied shooting anyone. There are lots of theories of motives for killing the president. One theory says it was the presidents plans for Vietnam that prompted his murder. The president said that Vietnam was too removed away from the United States, that South Vietnams claim to democracy was false, and that the U.S. had no business sending American troops to fight in what was really a local war. Another assassinated political figure was Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The assassination of this man basically triggered World War I. He and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914, by Gavrilo Princip, 19 at the time. It was organized b y organization called Black Hand. There was also pope, John Paul II. There was assassination attempt by Mehmed Ali Agca. According to Agca operation was commanded by the Bulgarian military Attach. Another example of political assassination is Olof Palme a Swedish politician. The murder is still unsolved and it might never be. He was a controversial politician- it could have lead to his assassination.What about the greater good? Could one act of evil be accepted if it rids the world of suffering? Would assassination on tyrant, such as Hitler be justified if it saved millions of people, which have been killed during World War II? In my opinion it would be justified and worth it even if it was only one man that could be saved. I view that someone who doesnt respect life of other people and kills millions only because of his racist and nationalist thoughts shouldnt be so lucky to live. Utilitarianism says that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its usefulness. Even if you kill someone thinking about greater good, you still are a killer. Doesnt it mean that you are as bad as he is? I dont think so, if you kill one man in order to save a life, either yours or someone elses it doesnt make you evil. It doesnt really matter who could rush of getting rid of Hitler as long as the job was make successfully.There are individuals who assassinate for reasons other than politics or religion. They may simply be deranged fame hungry individuals, such as Mark David Chapman or John Hinckley Jr. Mark David Chapman was a psychopath who killed John Lennon. He was a fan of The Beatles for years especially John Lennons. John Hinckley Jr. was a man who attempted and assassination on Ronald Reagan and match to him, he has done it to impress Jodie Foster. He was obsessed with her. It has developed since he first time watched film called Taxi Driver. I think that if those two would be never psychopaths they would never done those things. In my opinion its not really their fault. People become crazy and they never realize that they are actually obsessed. It is not maybe a justification to what theyve done but helps understand what the motives could be.What about the world today? How could suffering be assuage now? Is assassination the answer? Would it be better if Robert Mugabe was assassinated? Would it make a difference now- when he has been president of Zimbabwe since 1987? He has not long to live because of his age but I think it would be worth to save people today and not tomorrow. Lots of those people can no longer live to see tomorrow. Mugabe is a selfish man who was ruining country for years and it should be changed. The global superpowers should become more interested and should deal with him as fast as possible. What about Osama bin Laden another terrorist? Is he also the case? He was responsible for attacks on World Trade Centre on 11th of September 2001. However there have been rumors that it was actually done by U.S. Osama bin Lade ns whereabouts are unknown. Although he might fight for something he considers to as a right thing, he is a terrorist and he must pay for what hes done. In my opinion those people could be assassinated because there could not be any other ways for improving the situation. If the death of two men will save thousands of lives worldwide, I think it is enough of a justification.In conclusion, I think that greater good is maybe not the only one, but just now, I cannot see any other as much important justifications for assassinations. In every country on priming coat there are people that are selfish and are making hell of other peoples lives, but not everyone of those are cases for assassination. Even though there is a lot of evil, assassination is not always the solution, even if suffering of many will be alleviated for a while because of death of a tyrant, you never know who will come after him.