Immigration is a new identity in Brick Lane by Monica Ali Essay

Monica Ali’s Brick Lane and Amulya Malladi’s Serving Crazy with Curry both portray the rising identity changes that occur with the first and second generation immigrants. Both novels reveal that when it comes to immigration, due to a difference in their surroundings and exposure to different cultures the second generation experiences a different setting which contributes to their developing identity. However, their developing identities becomes a contrast to the identities of the elder generation; thus creating a â€Å"culture clash†. â€Å"Culture Clash† is the act when one or more cultures are incorporated into one environment and as a result, traditions are challenged causing a disruption. First generation characters share the traits of being indignant of changing cultural values during immigration while the second generation are keen on conforming and leave their roots in exchange for freedom of being accepted into society. Through the characters and u se of language, both Monica Ali’s Brick Lane and Amulya Malladi’s Serving Crazy with Curry demonstrates how immigration creates a difference in identity that exists between the first and second generation. Coming to a completely different country, not knowing anyone at all, the first generation characters tend to be indignant. In both these novels the first generation immigrants express bitterness when adapting to different surrounding. Saroj Venturi from Serving Crazy with Curry, expresses her resentment towards the new culture, when she says â€Å"It was coming here, to this white pit that changed things between Avi and her. If they stayed in India, if only he’d wanted to stay, they would’ve been happy† (Malladi, 15). By comparing her new place of residence to a hole, Saroj feels trapped or exiled within this alien land, proving to be the motive for her resentment. Saroj displays her regret when she wishes to have stayed in India by saying that she would have been happier there thus providing a reason for her refusal to find happiness in her new environment. Similarly in Monica Ali’s novel Brick Lane, Chanu Ahmed was asked for permission by his wife, Nazee n, to attend English lessons and here he demonstrate the characteristic of resentment: Your going to be a mother†¦Will that not keep you busy enough?  And you can’t take a baby to college. Babies have to be fed; they have to have their bottoms cleaned. It’s not so simple as that. Just to go to college, like that. (Ali, 57) In this passage, Chanu rejects his wife’s idea of attending English classes and uses the excuse of his wife’s pregnancy and awaiting motherhood as a way of discouraging her. On top of that he also asks questions upon questions which may suggest bitterness towards her idea of going to school and attempting to fit in with society. Not only does Chanu discourage conform into society, he also discourages his daughters from becoming too westernized because he wanted to keep their Bengali culture rooted within themselves. Both Saroj from Serving Crazy with Curry and Chanu from Brick Lane being first generation immigrants demonstrate a common trait of resentment. Growing up in a place that is nothing like your place of origin, second generation immigrants convey acceptance while being raised in a different environment than their parents. The second generation immigrants identify themselves according to where they were born instead of their place of origin. Both Devi from Serving Crazy with Curry and Shahana Ahmed from Brick Lane, were both raised in a western environment and identify themselves as either â€Å"American† or â€Å"British†. Shahana presents her determination to fit into society when she states that â€Å"She wanted to have her lip pierced. This was latest thing. Last week she wanted to get a tattoo.† (Ali, 240). The act of getting piercings and tattoo’s are activities that are classified under western culture and when Shahana wishes to get them, it shows that she is eager to get involved and fit in with the society she is from. Getting a tattoo on her body, will represent the permanent residence of w estern culture within her life. Both Malladi and Ali portray the difference between resent and acceptance along with the idea of opposite traits enhancing the thought of conflict between generations. In both novels, Monica Ali and Amulya Malladi portray the fact that first  generation immigrants tend to retain their cultural values while the second generation are willing to exchange their roots for greater freedom. In Serving Crazy with Curry, Saroj Venturi wishes to instil Indian values within her children when she says, â€Å"Why couldn’t she learn to cook like all good Indian girls?† (Malladi, 19). She feels that her children do not know enough about their country of origin, and wishes to incorporate some Indian traditions into her daughters’ western lives so that they do not stray away from their Indian culture. Chanu from Brick Lane, faces a similar situation to Saroj as he also tries to incorporate Bengali culture into his daughters. Chanu uses language to discourage his daughters from becoming too westernized: â€Å"[†¦]that I am going to tie her up and cut her tongue. Tell the Memsahib that when I have skinned her [Shahana] alive she will not be looking so pleased with herself† (Ali, 162). Chanu refers to his daughter as a Memsahib which is a title used in colonial India as a form of respectful address for a prestigious woman. Chanu addresses his daughter, Shahana as a memsahib due to her behaviour such as acting snobbish and stubborn like a prestigious woman; qualities that he finds to be developed as a result of westernization. Chanu uses words such as â€Å"cut† and â€Å"skinned† to threaten his daughter so that she would behave. In contrast to the first generation, the second generation exchanges their cultural values for more freedom. In Serving Crazy with Curry, Devi Venturi gets a taste of her own freedoms in the area of dating: â€Å"And each time she [Saroj] snooped, she expected to find an unsuitable man lying naked in Devi’s bedroom, or worse, naked women† (Malladi, 19). The fact that Devi’s mother has to snoop around to find a naked man or women in Devi’s room shows her limits when it comes to controlling her daugh ters life and dating lifestyle. As well as the word â€Å"naked† represents Devi’s growing freedoms that she later uncover after certain stages she comes across within this western culture. From Brick Lane, Shahana has the newfound freedom of wearing what she wants. Having the freedom of choice in clothing Shahana chose to wear a skirt, which is an article of clothing that exposes the legs. When Shahana walks past a group of boys they turn around â€Å"She looked at them and cocked her head. Nazeen wished that Shahana had her trousers on† (Ali, 217). Choosing an article that exposes body parts strongly goes against the typical Bengali culture which proves that her choice in clothing is affected by the western society  that she lives in. Both authors use characters to inform that the first generation attempts to protect their cultural values while the second generation lets go of it, demonstrating their clashing ways of adjusting to changes due to immigration. Many people make the decision to leave their country of origin and immigrate to a foreign land due to the idea of finding success and living a better life. First generation immigrants have an eagerness to acquire success and the second generation has a lack of commitment. In Brick Lane, Chanu graduated with a degree in English literature and moves to London because he finds it to be the key to success. Chanu’s determination is shown when he says â€Å"Now I have to get the promotion† (Ali,36). The term promotion means to move to a higher, more important position than previously and Chanu’s desire to move onto the next level symbolizes his desire to be successful. Avi Venturi from Serving Crazy with Curry, deals with a similar situation as he learns that the military was not the right path for him when he says â€Å"This is all I am left with. The army gave me this and what else? No medal, no nothing.† (Malladi, 85). Avi feels he must obtain achievement, therefore he travels to San Francisco, when he was offered a job there, which leads him to be where he is now, a successful business man. Avi had the determination to be successful and fulfill his ambitions, unlike the second generation who lack this trait. The beginning of Serving Crazy with curry demonstrates Devi Venturi’s character as a failure: After Devi was laid off (yet again) a week ago, it started to dawn on her that she was not going to be able to change her life. Everything she ever wanted had become elusive and the decision to end her life, she realized, was not only a good decision, but her only option. (Malladi, 1) This quote in particular shows Devi’s lack of determination and commitment in achieving her goals to complete tasks and achieve what they want. In the first sentence, Malladi describes Devi’s failure being quite continuous when she states â€Å"yet again†. When she states that â€Å"she was not going to be able to change her life† (Malladi, 1) this displays Devi’s lack of commitment and  determination in accomplishing her goals because once she fails, she no longer has hope and decides that her fate will never change thus cancelling out any possibilities for improvement. The idea of not improving and changing what she thinks could be her fate leads Devi to think that the only choice she has is to end her life, which shows her lack of enthusiasm and determination to fulfill her ambitions and desires. Both novels portray the effect that immigration has on the identities of first and second generations immigrants. Authors, Monica Ali and Amulya Malladi use language to highlight the contrasting traits of characters and focus on the non-parallel connections between the first and second generation immigrants. When it comes to immigration diversity in the external environment contributes to the complex relationship between the two generations.

Critical Analysis of Efficiency Market Hypothesis Essay

In this essay, firstly, the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is given an appraisal in relation to random walk, as well as its definition, revealing theories in context of empirical evidence. A brief explanation of the 3 forms of EMH is highlighted alongside a brief description of its tests for validity. The main focus of discussion is whether or not Technical & Fundamental Analysis can determine abnormal returns by investors strategically using a set of information to formulate buying and selling decisions to beat the efficient market. (Graphs and sets of equations may be applied). Following general empirical studies, the theory of Efficient Market typically asserts that, it would be impossible to consistently outperform the market by means of technical & fundamental analysis, consequently, in the light of this assertion, technical, fundamental and other anomalies are revealed that may suggest some levels of market inefficiencies. Finally, a conclusion, subjectively underlining the relevant points expressed above, putting to perspective facts conveyed through the topic of critical discussion. Appraisal of the Efficient Market Hypothesis and Random Walk The efficient market hypothesis is a financial theory widely accepted by most academic financial economists. It was generally believed that securities markets were extremely efficient in reflecting information about individual stocks and  about the stock market as a whole. The accepted view was that when information arises, the news spreads very quickly and is incorporated into the prices of securities without delay. Thus, when the term ‘efficient market’ was introduced into the economics literature in the 1960s , it was defined as a market in which prices at any time â€Å"fully reflect† and ‘adjusts rapidly to new available information’ (Eugene F. Fama, 1970, p 383.). In the context of this hypothesis, â€Å"efficient† empirically, means that the market is capable of quickly digesting new information on the economy, an industry, or the value of an enterprise and accurately impounding it into securities prices. In such markets, participants can expect to earn no more, nor less, than a fair return for the risks undertaken, hence failing to provide abnormal returns. Random Walk, is a Theory closely associated with the efficient market hypothesis, was originally created by Louis Bachelier (1900), and developed by Kendall, in 1950s. Kendall (1953) found that stock and commodity prices follow a random walk. Random walk varies with regard to the time parameter. According to capital markets theory, the expected return from a security is primarily a function of its risk. The price of the security reflects the present value of its expected future cash flows, which incorporates many factors such as volatility, liquidity, and risk of bankruptcy. However, while prices are rationally based, changes in prices are expected to be random and unpredictable, because new information, by its very nature, is unpredictable. Therefore stock prices are said to follow a Random Walk. Versions of the Efficiency Market Hypothesis and tests Following the concept of information, as stated in the above paragraph, it is useful to distinguish among three versions of the EMH, Fama (1970) identified as: the weak, semi-strong, and strong forms of the hypothesis. These versions differ by their notions of what is meant by the term â€Å"all available information.† The tests for each form, summarized in brief, empirically shows evidence in favor of EMH: According to Fama (1970), Weak form efficiency claims that all past prices of a stock are reflected in today’s stock price. Therefore, technical analysis cannot be used to predict and beat a market. The Weak Form Tests. The test of the weak form of the EMH is generally taken to comprise of; an autocorrelation test, a runs test and  filter rule test. An autocorrelation test investigates whether security returns are related through time. On the other, a runs test, for example, measures the likelihood that a series of two variables is a random occurrence. A filter rule (or trading test) is a trading rule regarding the actions to be taken when shares rise or fall in value by x%. Filter rules should not work if markets are weak form efficient. Overall, the tests highlighted, statistically tests for independence, to establish the weak-form holds, thereby invalidating strategic rules for technical analysis, to obtain abnormal profits. Following the weak-form EMH, is the Semi-Strong form efficiency in which Fama (1970) states that security prices reflect all publicly available information. The Semi-Strong Test. Tests for the semi-strong, significantly and reveals Event Study. The first event study was undertaken by Fama, Fisher, Jensen and Roll (1969), though the first to be published was by Ball and Brown (1968). An event test analyzes the security both before and after an event, such as earnings announcements, stock splits and analyst’s recommendations. The idea behind the event test is that an investor will not be able to reap an above average return by trading, on an event including the Fundamental Analysis strategy.

Btn 7 - Geiger

BTN 7-4 – Page 312 TO: Wendy Geiger DATE: June 19, 2011 SUBJECT: Manual Accounting Modifications for Expanded Business M E M O R A N D U M This memo is to advise you of the best possible ways for you to modify your current manual accounting system to accommodate the expanded business activities for your retail store. Pursuant to our conversation, you generally obtain your goods on credit using purchase orders, and your sales are primarily cash. You currently keep your manual accounting system using a general journal and a general ledger, and you make one summary entry for cash sales at the end of each business day. Due to increased demand for your products and higher sales volume, including credit sales, maintaining the accounting records has become time consuming, but you would like to continue with your manual system. Allow me to provide pertinent information that will assist you in continuing your manual system in the most efficient way. The accounting information system is one that collects and processes relevant data from transactions, and organizes them into relevant reports. This system is also used to report and record the exchange of goods and/or services. It is critical for you to understand how and what transactions are occurring in your business. A small business like yours can be effective with a manual process and with the use of special journals and subsidiary ledgers. With the issues you mentioned in mind, most of your transactions can be categorized into the special journals with the use of four individual journals to complement the general journal you are currently using. Special journals are used to record and post transactions, and are uniquely designed for each business, but for most merchandising companies, the journals used are sales journals, for recording sales on credit; cash receipts journals, to record sales made by cash; purchases journals, for recording goods obtained on credit; and cash disbursements journals, for recording payments made by cash. You are also able to use this format for your ledger. In order to understand special journals, it is necessary for you to understand that a subsidiary ledger is a list of detailed information on specific accounts of individuals with some commonality in the general ledger. One critical ledger is Accounts Receivable, which stores transactions of individual customers. This ledger will give relevant information on the individual customer, the date of purchase, the amount paid, and the amount owed. The other important ledger is Accounts Payable, which stores relevant data of individual suppliers. You would generate this ledger with similar information gleaned from my instructions regarding the Accounts Receivable ledger. These two ledgers are critical for recording your data, and they eliminate the need for posting same in the general ledger. The numbers at the bottom indicate the respective accounts delineated in your Chart of Accounts. You are already summarizing each cash sales at the end of each business day, but my advice would be for you to continue recording the daily sales and purchases because it is necessary for you to balance your subsidiary ledger with your general ledger. Daily reconciliation will enable you to track any and all discrepancies more easily. Total your sales journal accounts at the end of each month and this amount should be the amount in the debit column in the Accounts Receivable. Regarding the last column, you will find more consistency in your inventory system if you follow this procedure. I cannot stress the importance of proving the account balances in the general ledger and subsidiary ledgers periodically for accuracy after posting. You will first prepare a trial balance of the general ledger and confirm that all your debits are in balance with your credits. Additionally, Prepare a schedule of individual accounts and amounts. This is referred to as testing the subsidiary ledger. Generate a schedule of your customers accounts to show the balance owed. If everything balances, the accounts are assumed correct. This method of accounting information system might seem challenging to you at first, but I assure you that this is the most advantageous way for you to maintain your manual system. It is imperative you balance your journals and ledgers every day, without fail, to avoid any unnecessary discrepancies. The example I have provided should be a head start and I am always available if you need additional information, or if I can be of further

Report of Marketing Campaign review-Vodafone New Zealand PXT service Essay

Report of Marketing Campaign review-Vodafone New Zealand PXT service - Essay Example Vodafone Group was established in the United Kingdom back in 1983. The company acquired its New Zealand business – previously known as BellSouth New Zealand in November 1998. At the time Vodafone Group made the purchase, BellSouth had a total of 138,000 customers. As of June 2006, Vodafone New Zealand had a customer base of 2.1 million customers that is composed of 55% share of the New Zealand mobile market.1 The competition in the New Zealand mobile market is very tight. For this reason, the company needs to constantly upgrade its system such as PXT messaging. In 2001, Vodafone New Zealand signed up a commercial agreement with Telecom New Zealand today in order to enable their customers to send sound enables photo and video messages between the two mobile networks.2, 3 Vodafone New Zealand introduces its free weekend use of PXT messaging as a marketing campaign between the periods of December 2003 until September 2004.4, 5 Vodafone PXT â„ ¢ uses this strategy with the attempt to boost the demand for multimedia messaging. Since January 2004, the PXT messaging across the Vodafone network has increased at a rate between 35 – 50% month-on-month despite the price of 75 cents per message.5 In line with the increase in the use of PXT messaging, the sales of more featured phones were also increasing. Vodafone used the GO-Race (Loo-Racer) as a unique way of launching the new PXT capable phones. This event was featured on 30 second TV commercial throughout New Zealand and Australia together with some print ads campaign. This campaign was successful in reaching for Vodafone’s target market. There is only one competitor in the New Zealand mobile industry – The Telecom NZ because of the high cost of infrastructure requirements. This also becomes a barrier to exit. Due to globalisation, it is still possible for International Telecommunications Company to penetrate the industry

International trade theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International trade theory - Essay Example Therefore, a country should only specialize in the production of its efficient commodity. Interpreting this account to the illustration on chart 4-10, Ghana specializes in the production of cocoa for commercial purposes than Korea who takes its advantage based on rice. Ghana being 4 times more efficient in cocoa productivity than Korea who specializes in rice gives absolute advantage of each other in trade negotiations. Besides, the theory of comparative advantage illustrates that country’s exports should not be measured by quantity but efficiency to avoid market dominancy. For instance, if 4tones of cocoa were exchanged by 4tones of, rice from Korea then Ghana would be susceptible compared to Korea (Pomfret 107). Clusters or networks of similar companies in the same industry are always encouraged as this harmonizes competitive advantage of the countries involved by creating room for innovations otherwise improving productivity. Cluster is also very essential for the promotion f a particular good or service believed to be efficiently located (Pomfret

Forensic Evidence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Forensic Evidence - Research Paper Example Current technological trends have revolutionized the methods of storing data along with different advanced access mechanisms. These systems facilitate law enforcement agencies by providing instant access to these characteristics. Although, computer forensics also facilitates in investigation of crimes within themselves in order to gather evidence associated with criminal activities that breaches violation of an organizations policy. The data can be extracted from storage devices including hard drives, flash drives, memory cards etc (Computer forensics – a critical need in computer, n.d ) Every online user leaves behind logs related to activities that he or she performs online. This digital traceability can reveal activities that are performed by the user on the Internet by identifying who has identified which files along with logs of each website visited. Temporary files can also reveal flash templates and buffered videos. These traceable logs, files, cookies, templates can fa cilitate a great deal to analyze crimes that are committed from computers and may provide solid evidence against the hacker or cyber-criminal. However, many users trust in files after deleting them from the hard drive but there are many ways and methods via which these files can be recovered. The operating system usually does not delete complete files from the hard drive, even if the user deletes the files from the recycling bin. The files are still present, until they are replaced or overwritten by new files. These traceability factors can lead to aid in forensic investigations and can track down criminals by investigating their computer. For instance, during the execution of a search warrant at the residence of John Robinson who was a serial killer, law enforcement agencies discovered two bodies that were badly decomposed along with seizing of five computers (Computer forensics, n.d ). After investigating computers, it was discovered that the serial killer John Robinson was using internet to find people to schedule a meeting. Afterwards they were killed by sexually assaulting them. These facts were only possible by forensic computing techniques and were not possible by physical evidence and investigation (Computer forensics, n.d ). However, many techniques are associated with forensic computing, few techniques are categorized in to two groups i.e. Graphical User Interface (GUI) based forensic tools and Command line forensic tools (Conklin 2005). The command line tools are relatively small, they can be stored in floppy disks as compared to heavy, and slow GUI based forensic tools. However, command line tools also share some disadvantages in terms of their limitations as they are not capable to identify .zip files and .cab files. GUI based tools provide a graphical user interface and is said to be user friendly because specialized knowledge is not required as compared to command line tools requiring commands on every operation. The disadvantage for GUI based t ools is that they are large and cannot be saved in a floppy disk (Conklin 2005). Similarly, organizations also require a proactive approach for threats that may penetrate within the internal network and extracts or expose sensitive information. There are many ways of forensic data acquisition on a network; we will only consider best practices. Network-Based Evidence Acquisition Practices Network management is effective on many vital management functions. If any one of them is not properly configured, effective network management is not possible. Data acquisition is classified as a vital management process that needs to be addresses proficiently. Likewise, Wireshark will only utilize data that is available

Aviation Spare parts supply chain management optimisation at Cathay Case Study

Aviation Spare parts supply chain management optimisation at Cathay - Case Study Example An efficient cost reducing solution to the problem of supply chain management optimisation has been suggested from a new perspective based on integer linear programming formulation by introducing a new algorithm to the rotable part, which can be applied to the whole inventory. For this purpose, calculation has been made through Viscalc application with iterative probability computation to prove the worth of the solution in reducing cost of inventory. Report findings point to the need of changing obsolete technology used through Ultramain and update it through currently available dynamic applications, as Ultramain was acquired for handling technical log process and for general maintenance management only. Based on the integer linear programming, the significance of the optimisation of the inventory, particularly of T category rotable parts like engine of the aircraft, is shown to be very crucial to attain. The subject of logistics and supply chain management has attained significant importance due to globalisation of business functions. No industry can manage to achieve cost efficiency and high performance levels without investing specialist resources to leverage from better supply chain management functions. Likewise, significance of supply chain management theories and their application in aviation business of Cathay Pacific Airways Limited, one of the topmost successful business stories in the airways industry, has been felt by the management of Cathay Pacific, as derived from the case study. Cathay Pacific Airways Limited stands on a high pedestal in the matter of performance and customer patronage among the world’s leading airlines. It is a financially sound commercial airline. Cathay Pacific has successfully been voted â€Å"Airline of the Year† organised by Skytrax Research in 2005 and awarded â€Å"Airline of the Year† in 2006 by the Air Transport World magazine. For maintaining its profit

Evaluation of Design and Administration of a Questionnaire Essay

Evaluation of Design and Administration of a Questionnaire - Essay Example Generally, the working party was disappointed by the results and had a different pattern of response from those at school. Why the Working Party Members Were Disappointed With the Results The working party members were disappointed with the results because the results did not reflect the actual objectives of the survey. Indeed, the survey was only able to satisfy the objective of what the town’s youth did in their leisure time but failed in satisfying the other objectives. Because of the survey or else the responses to address the objectives, the group’s quest to find out what would capture the interest of the youths in Littlebury town and reduce their boredom was not satisfied. The different pattern of response from the working respondents that suggested that their interests were very different from their counterparts at school only proved challenging to the working party members who aimed at certain objectives different from the working respondents. ... This is because the survey was supposed to define in clarity the activities held at the leisure centre that were patronised by young people in line with the objectives. The time, resources spent on the survey did not rally with the results which is also another source of dissapointment by the working party members. Indeed, the results did notv address the interests of the working respondents as well as the the interests of the working party members on this Littlebury Leisure Survey. A table showing which objective(s) addressed by respective questions in the questionnaire Question Number Objective (s) Question 1 To find out what the people in Littlebury town did in their spare time To find out the frequency of using the available leisure centres in Littlebury town Question 2 To compare leisure activities and preferences for different age groups To assertain the gender and age group attending available leisure clubs Question 3 To find out the most popular sporting activity for the peop le of Littlebury town Question 4 To find out the out the most popular club or society activity in Littlebury town Question 5 To find out the most popular leisure activity amongst all age groups Question 6 To establish what leisure activities they would like to have in town To establish additional leisure activities that people in Littlebury town have Question 7 To establish their potential interest in some of the ideas proposed by the working party Question 8 To establish what leisure activities different people would like to have in town Question 9 To compare leisure activities and preferences of different age groups Question 10 To establish the contact of the respondent Additional Questions That

Law and Practice Disciplinary Violation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law and Practice Disciplinary Violation - Essay Example The Law of Confidence pertains to the issue of information that is deemed to be confidential and will include trade secrets, copyrighted and other sensitive information, including the right to its protection and remedy for the infringement through breach of confidence and trust by employees. (a) A new three-step dispute resolution process for employers and employees under the Employment Act has been introduced as of October 1, 2004. 1 According to these provisions, reasons for dismissal or disciplinary action must be put into writing, a face to face meeting must be arranged for discussing the dismissal and the employee must be given a chance to appeal. In the event an employer fails to follow the proper procedure and adhere to all three steps, then penalties will accrue to the employer while the employee may be automatically entitled to claims of unfair dismissal if he/she has been employed for more than a year at the firm in question. Moreover, instant dismissal of an employee, even in cases of gross misconduct, is automatically unfair unless, at the very least, a two-stage procedure is followed, wherein the employee is provided written notice of dismissal and provided the right to appeal. In cases of serious misconduct, it may be legal to dismiss an employee without no tice, however, it is better to suspend the employee first while investigations are carried out to ensure that allegations against the employee are substantiated. What must be considered in Sandra’s case is Alan’s summary dismissal, which has not allowed her the opportunity to appeal the decision to fire her. Continuous service with a Company entitles the employee to a policy of fairness in providing written the notice of the reasons for dismissal and the opportunity to offer any defence. Most companies follow such policies, especially when the employee has  been with the Company for a long time.  

Way of Knowing Essay Example for Free

Way of Knowing Essay Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) once said that The heart has its reasons of which reason knows nothing, meaning that emotion is irrational and unreasonable. Emotional expression provides powerful communication between people, especially in the early childhood stage of our lives, before language even develops. A baby’s glowing smile invites love and care in its surrounding; the pounding cry of an infant can send one running instantly to attend to its needs. After this, voice, posture and facial expressions and gestures occur, developing our ability to control our emotions, which does not always happen. Emotion affects our thought-process, and in the heat of the moment, emotion often makes us do and/or say things that we don’t necessarily mean, and makes us more vulnerable to temptations, without thinking of the outcome/consequence. They can cloud our judgment, leading to irrational external behavior, however, emotion is not all bad, and is what drives us to do so many things, like making scientific discoveries, perseverance to lose weight, no matter how tired you feel. Emotions consist of passions, moods, perceptions and senses which create internal feelings that are sometimes expressed externally. Reason is part of formal logic, and pure reason is unbiased, taking all variables into account. Emotion and the resulting behavior of emotion vary in intensity, and is one of the ways of knowing. To a great extent, emotions can affect other ways of knowing, especially reason. The James-Lange theory states that emotion is purely physical in nature, meaning if you get rid of the external/physical outcomes, the emotion ceases to exist, but in fact, emotion has both a physical and mental dimension. If emotions were purely physical, then when a person smiles, they automatically feel happy or joyful, but people sometimes hide their emotions, that is, not necessarily show it externally, for all one knows, that person smiling could be filled with sadness inside. For example, British comedian/actor Peter Sellers was said to be â€Å"the greatest comic genius this country has produced since Charles Chaplin. By Filmmakers the Boulting brothers, and Turner Classic Movies called Sellers â€Å"One of the most accomplished comic actors of the late 20th century.†, so this surely would mean that he must have been a real great guy to hang around if he made so many people laugh, but internally, that is, off camera, Peter was a very troubled man. He often behaved erratically and compulsively, and had a huge problem with drugs and women, but that wasn’t seen on screen. Sellers would smile, be funny in his movies, but that didn’t automatically make him happy when he would smile or laugh, inside he was severely depressed, and though many would say he accomplished many things, he felt like he had no identity, therefore emotion is not just a physical, but largely a mental state as well. Reason is unbiased, rational thinking, were all the variables are taken into consideration before stating a claim or making a decision, and our emotion often interferes with our rational thinking. Formal logic is described as â€Å"reasoning from known premises or premises’ presumed to be true to a certain conclusion.†, either deductive or inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is where reasoning moves from a general claim to a particular claim, for example, all teachers are human, Mrs. Smith is a teacher, therefore Mrs. Smith is human. Inductive reasoning is the opposite, it moves from a particular claim to a generalized one, for example, I’ve met two racist Japanese, therefore I assume all Japanese are racist.† Emotion can cloud our reasoning process in the sense that our opinions on a certain situation are or become biased. For example, Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus is known as the â€Å"Father of Taxonomy† in classification of different organisms, and one study he did was on how to divide Homo sapiens, us. Native Americans were classified as copper colored, happy, yet angered easily and stubborn. Asians were classified as an unhealthy yellow color, greedy, easily distracted, and Africans as black, crafty and negligent, just some of the characteristics he used to classify these different â€Å"groups†. However, Europeans were classified as white, gentle, innovative beings, which is odd because Carl came from Sweden in Northern Europe, coincidence? Not likely, it’s obvious Carl was biased when classifying the different â€Å"racial groups†, as with Africans, Asians and Native Americans, all the traits listed were negative, while those placed upon Europeans were not only positive, but slightly filled with praise as well. It’s clear that Carl’s perception, part of emotion, favored where he fit in, thus clouding his judgment and giving a very biased classification result. Sometimes our beliefs and emotions affect each other in such a way that reasoning tak es over from emotion. A change in our belief can correspond to a change in emotion, where reasoning can take over again, for example, if you see a mysterious shadow in your room, you feel immediate fear, but when you turn on the light and realize it was your fan blowing your curtains around, that feeling of fear leaves you’re your belief has changed, and logic has taken over your though process. However, our beliefs can be so intense that they may enhance our emotions as well, even if we know that there is nothing to feel so intense about, our reaction can still be irrational, for example, I have a fear of spiders, and if a see one, I feel immediate discomfort and fear. I was watching a horror film with giant black widow spiders, and though I knew It was just a movie, I put my feet up on the couch and watched the room for any spiders, because even though I knew no giant spider would come and take me away, the intensity of my fear clouded that reasoning, and consumed all my rationality. Although emo tion can consume our reasoning, it can also drive it to success. Emotion is linked to intuition, where sometimes we just have a gut feeling that we are on the verge of something great. Intuition combined with social emotions such as ambition and gratitude, can actually help us succeed. In the fields like biology, physics, math, and logic, uneducated intuition is dangerous and will often lead us towards the wrong direction, so to be educated is very important. Being taught how to reason things out instead of just making random guesses, or claims that one can’t back-up because the argument isn’t valid, this is where reasoning comes in, and is how we make scientific, mathematical, and many different conclusions. Still, so many scientific and mathematical breakthroughs would never have occurred without passion. To have the ambition to do something comes from passion and without it, reasoning alone would deny us of so much knowledge that we have acquired. For example, Nobel-prize winner Sir Peter Medawar was a Brazilian/British biologist, who discovered in 1951, that skin graft rejection was the result of an acquired immune tolerance, this was fundamental in order to practice tissue and organ transplants. Peter estimated that about â€Å"four-fifths of his time was wasted, adding glumly that ‘nearly all scientific research leads nowhere’†. But with Peter, it did, it may have taken him a long time, but if he didn’t have passion and ambition to find out why skin grafts were being rejected, much of today’s modern skin grafting would arguably be less effective. Some think emotion clouds our judgment, some think it helps drive us to what is great or perhaps right, but instead of thinking of them playing against each other, why not see how they work together? Emotional outbursts are common and part of human nature, and whether we label them or not, we sometimes have internal feelings that we may over express, and in some cases, under express externally, like for example, someone gave you strawberry cheesecake instead of blueberry, and all of a sudden you shout at the waiter and call him an idiot for getting the order wrong, losing your self-control. Aristotle said, â€Å"Anyone can be angry – that is easy. But to be angry with the right person to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose and in the right way – that is not easy.† This sounds reasonable, as emotion is part of being human, and funny enough, deductive reasoning to this claim does not sound rationale, for example, Ella is my friend, I am angry at my friend, therefore I am angry with Ella, which could be true, you may be angry with a friend, but is that friend Ella? Are you angry with her for the right reasons? Was you reaction appropriate? Deductive reasoning helps us make decisions and come to conclusions, but without emotions, what is driving us to do so? Emotion can affect reason in both good and bad ways, enhancing and undermining it, but without emotion, although it does make us become biased and irrational sometimes, we would not have passion to do anything, or ambition to spend as long as it takes to achieve what you have been working for. Emotion can be hard to control for some, and slightly easier for others, and maybe life would be easier if we had an off switch for emotion, but it would be boring. Emotion will always be there, it’s part of our lives, and what makes life exciting and worthwhile, and working with reason, humanity has accomplished so much. Although it can block reasoning, emotion can also enhance it, and as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel once said, â€Å"Nothing great is accomplished in the world without passion.† Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Medawar#Early_research http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sellers http://www.markedbyteachers.com â€Å"Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma† by Richard van de Lagemaat Oxford Biology Course Companion by Andrew Allot and David Mindorff Essay Word Count (Excluding title, name and bibliography): 1,586 By Nasim Tekie

Importance of Documentation Care in Nursing

Importance of Documentation Care in Nursing This scenario presents a number of problems to the staff nurse. In relation to the sphere of practice, as a D Grade Staff Nurse I have a senior nurse present on the ward, who will be in charge during the shift. This provides me with a source of support and experiential knowledge, and also someone with whom to liaise over any issues which arise. However, as a Registered Nurse I am responsible for my own practice, accountable for all aspects of nursing practice and therefore must act on everything pertaining to practice that should arise. In an ideal situation, the E Grade will act on any information or concerns I bring to her. If she does not, then it is my responsibility to act on these concerns myself. The NMC Code of Conduct (NMC, 2004) requires that all qualified nurses act in the best interests of their patients at all times. The NMC code of conduct also states that all nurses are accountable for their own practice, and must account for their own acts or omissions (NMC, 2004). The focus of this analysis of the scenario is on documentation and the nurse. The nursing literature suggests that the completion of nursing documentation has been one of the most important functions of nurses, even from the beginning of the profesion in the time in the time of Florence Nightingale (Cheevakasemsook et al, 2006). Documentation of nursing care is an important source of reference and communication between nurses and other health care providers (Martin et al, 1999). Documentation is a fundamental component of nursing activities such as assessment and care planning, according to the various models which have been designed for these functions (Nazarko, 2007). The importance of proper documentation may also be because it serves multiple and diverse purposes for nurses, for patients, and for the health profession, because current health-care systems require that documentation ensures continuity of care, furnishes legal evidence of the process of care and promotes and facilit ates the evaluation of the quality of patient care delivery (Cheevakasemsook et al, 2006). In this instance, following handover, the first source of information to be checked will be the nursing records and care plans of each patient, as part of an individualised approach to care. The nursing records for Mrs Smith, for example, should provide the medical history and social history which will allow me to provide holistic nursing care. However, one of the problems with nursing documentation, as found in some empirical nursing studies, is that the complexity of nursing documentation does not always allow it to serve its many functions (Cheevakasemsook et al, 2006). However, the medical record is a legal document that tells the story of the patient’s encounter with the nurse and other professional caregivers, and as such should provide a complete and accurate account of his condition and the care he received (Austin, 2006). Whatever the difficulties of the documentation processes concerned here, the documentation should have been complete and correct. Documentation issues here include the improper recording of the administration of intravenious antibiotics. Given the strong nature of this medication, their specific nature and mode of action which can be tailored to the individual disease following culture and sensitivity tests, and the need to ensure they are given at the correct intervals, particularly as some such drugs can become toxic in larger doses, the proper recording of their administration is a vital part of the administration process. Bjorvell et al (2003) in a study of 377 nurses in Sweden found that nurses believed documentation to be fundamental to nursing practice, in particular, in promoting and ensuring patient safety. Protocols for the administration of intravenous medications exist, which, if followed, should promote safety. For all medications that nurses give to patients, they must know indications, contraindications, dosage parameters and adverse reactions (Austin, 2006). Nurses must always ensure that the ordered medication is appropriate for the patient, and that the prescription is clear and legible (Austin, 2006). And once a nurse has administered a drug, they must monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of drug toxicity or other adverse reactions, and these monitoring activities must be fully documented, including any actions taken on notable findings and the patient’s response to these interventions (Austin, 2006). This creates a record which demonstrates that the nurse met the prescribed standards of patient care when administering medication (Austin, 2006). Two qualified staff should have checked the drug dosage, route and timing, and the prescription against the patient identfication band, and then recorded the adminstration of the antibiotics on the chart and in the patient records . Incomplete records in this instance could be suggestive of improper procedures in the adminstration of this medication, a serious issue which could lead to legal action and professional sanction, even dismissal and loss of registration (Austin, 2006). Similarly, the issue of the blood transfusion error should be highlighted, because again patient safety is the fundamental point of nursing care. If proper procedures had been followed, this error could not have occurred. Administration of blood and blood products is subject to strict surveillance, and each Trust will have clear guidelines and protocols which govern and support this kind of activity. Checks should have been carried out on collection of the blood – the documentation should have been checked against the blood bag – patient name, number, blood group and type. The blood form, with the number of the blood bag, should have been checked properly. This should have been carried out by two qualified staff. The same checks should have been carried out at the bedside, checked against the patient notes and his identification band. Had the documentation been checked in this way, by two qualified staff, the wrong rhesus factor blood could not have been administered. T his demonstrates how correct documentation supports safe nursing practice and facilitates patient safety as well as recording nursing actions. Not only should the mistake be rectified, the doctor in charge of the patient informed and sumoned to examine the patient, and ongoing observations be carried out to ascertain if there are any side effects from the administration of the blood, but all of this should be clearly documented. Further, it should also be documented how this mistake occurred, through an examination of the documentation pertaining to the error and the actions of those who administered the blood. All medically releveant facts realted toan incident should be recorded in the medical records, according to the Trust and ward policies and protocols (Austin, 2006). A critical incident reporting from should also be completed, according to Trust policy, in order to ensure that risk management are informed and actions can be taken to prevent such occurrences in the future. Thus, such a form should also be completed for the percieved drug error. The NMC code of conduct states that nurses should act to identify and mini mise risk to the patient or client (NMC, 2004), and this applies to the action taken in the current situation and the potential protection of all clients in the future, in the avoidance of future errors of a similar nature. Another error which relates to documentation is the issue of the patient who was discharged inappropriately. It is understandable that the relative should be distressed and should be dealt with sensitively and apologetically. Liaison with management, risk management and any hospital or Trust agencies which deal with patient complaints should commence immediately. The most important issue here is to address the error, and not to question whether or not the error took place. It obviously did, because the patient arrived home in that state, and the usual discharge protocols cannot have been adhered to. If they had been, the discharge documentation should have been complete, and would have been communicated with the receiving district nursing team. The nurse plays a unique and pivotal role in discharge planning, as a key member of a multidisciplinary team (Fielo, 1998) role. If, as Bull and Roberts (2001) suggest, a proper discharge occurs in stages, and can be characterised by involveme nt of all team members within interacting circles of communication, then this discharge error should not have taken place at all. Therefore, any work done to address this error must examine where communication processes failed, and the documentation here should provide the evidence of where this failure occurred. Communication is fundamental to discharge planning, both between nurse and patient and between professionals across the divide between hospital and community services (Fielo, 1998), and so the documentation here should have been both individualised and comprehensive, functioning both as a record and as a communication tool. Effective discharge planning is also a vital link for continuity of care (Bull and Roberts, 2001), and so the failure of this process will lead to negative impact for the patient and their carers. Similarly, patient and carer participation is important in discharge planning (McLeod, 2006; Bull and Roberts, 2001). Research by Cleary et al (2003) demonstrates that consumers want information on medication, treatment, awareness of their rights and opportunities to participate in decision making. The nurse engaging in discharge planning also needs to take into account the needs and capabilities of carers (Qualey, 1997). The failure of the discharge planning process in this case therefore has a number of complex effects and may be shown to have failed in a number of key areas. It is also imperative that nurses value the social aspects of patient care and that this is seen as an integral part of the discharge process (Atwal, 2001). There are some ways in which this could be improved, and a close examination of what went wrong might highlight ways in which this could be avoided in future cases. The discharge documentation may need to be adapted to better reflect the processes and knowledge involved (Reed, 2005). This might ameliorate relationships between the acute and community sectors (McKenna and Keeney, 2000), and may prevent these errors occurring in the future. It might also be necessary, from the evidence of the available documents relating to the case, and from the ward rota, to identify who failed to properly discharge the patient so they can be engaged in education and development activities to develop their competence in this area. The documentation used should have served to enhance the ability to deal with this difficult situation (Sollins, 2007) by providing the family with the answers to their questions about what went wrong. Cheevakasemsook et al, (2006) in their study found that complexities in nursing documentation include three aspects: disruption, incompleteness and inappropriate charting. Of these, this scenario shows occurrences of incomplete documentation, whereby the documentation related to discharge planning has not been completed. Related factors that influenced documentation comprised: limited nurses competence, motivation and confidence; ineffective nursing procedures; and inadequate nursing audit, supervision and staff development functions (Cheevakasemsook et al, 2006). These findings suggest that complexities in nursing documentation require extensive resolution and implicitly dictate strategies for nurse managers and nurses to take part in solving these complicated problems (Cheevakasemsook et al, 2006). These are learning points to take forward into future professional development and practice. However, the more immediate needs would be to address the problems associated with these fail ures. The nurse must act to redress the balance and to minimise, for example, the potential litigation which may arise from this unfortunuate situation. The family are likely to make a formal complaint, and, depending on how this has affected the discharged patient, may even take legal action for compensation. In this instance, the incomplete discharge documentation demonstrates that the required nursing care did not take place (as there is no evidence of it in the records). Therefore, legally, the nurse taking care of this patient will be liable for the errors that have occurred. There are other issues to be considered, taking the wider view, in perhaps understanding why such errors occurred and how they can be avoided in subsequent cases. Hyde et al (2005) highlight the limitations of the forms of documentation (and the forms of communciation which characterise that documentation) within nursing practice. They suggest that this nursing documentation depicts the domination of reductionist medical models, utilising scientific rationality in linguistic and communication forms, rather than reflecting the holistic nature of nursing practice (Hyde et al, 2005). Therefore the documentation may be at odds with the autonomy of the patient, bringing up issues of control and power, where the documentation may serve to exert and maintain the power of the nurse or the medical profession rather than support the wellbeing of the patient (Hyde et al, 2005). Professional autonomy on the part of nurses demands a degree of mature clinical and ethical judgement in emergent and complex situations, and it is the documentation, if correctly completed, which should also signpost this process of judgement and decision making. But if the documentation is difficult to complete, onerous or time consuming, it may be that it detracts from the quality of patient care and the easy recording of this, rather than supporting it. Documentation provides the legal protection nurses require in modern healthcare practice (Frank-Strombourg et al, 2001). Educating nurses about the principles of documentation and the importance of implementing risk-reduction practices may help guard against liability and ultimately improve patient care (Frank-Strombourg et al, 2001). Perhaps developing better charts and records, in liaison with all staff, might also ameliorate the situation. The literature demonstrates unequivocally that nurses are the professionals that patients have the most interactions with in the hospital environment (Williams, 1997). The work and competence of the nursing staff is therefore perhaps the most significant factor in determining quality of patient care (Williams, 1997), and so it is vital to ensure that nurses record their practice accurately so that their competence can be audited, and the effectiveness of their practice evaluated. If, as suggested, evidence-based practice is now at the heart of nursing care (DOH, 2001), then documentation will also allow the implementation of evidence based practice, through care protocols and pathways, and through auditing processes and reflective practice which reviews care against the available evidence. Martin et al (1999), in their research of nursing documentation activities, found that good nursing documentation supported the implementation of evidence-based practice. This takes us back to the quality of the documentation processes, and it may be that they are under development – towards evidence-based care pathways or the like, or this kind of thing may need implementing. Utilising alternative modes of documentation may also enhance practice and recording behaviours. Lee (2006) in a study of one computerised documentation system in practice, found that nurses generally viewed the content of the computerized nursing care planning system as a reference to aid memory, a learning tool for patient care, and a vehicle for applying judgement to modify care plan content. This suggests that such tools may do more than simply streamline nurses work (Lee, 2006). It may be that using a computerized care plan system can also enhance nurses’ knowledge, experience and judgement of descriptions of patient problems and care strategies (Lee, 2006). It is my opinion that it may also serve to minimise the kinds of errors that have occurred in the assignment scenario. The nature of the documentation (ie the content and structure) may therefore need to be changed. O’Connor et al (2007) show how new, streamlined nursing charts improved planning and evaluation of care and served promote patient involvement in the care and documentation processes. In reference to the discharge planning incident in particular, this might be an area to develop within the clinical area. One innovation which supports this is that described by the NHS (2007) in The Essence of Care, which was launched in February 2001, as providing a toolkit to help practitioners to implement a structured approach to sharing and comparing practice, through principles of clinical governance, enabling them to identify the best and to develop action plans to remedy poor practice. This would appear to be a key activity in the longer term to develop from the learning points contained within this problematic scenario. These kinds of benchmarks and guidelines can provide useful guidance, in association with other activities such as evidence-based care pathways and protocols, to develop more streamlined and effective practices. Another point of action is the need to carry out specific empirical research into this area. In a systematic review of research literature to test the hypothesis that care planning and record keeping in nursing practice has no measurable effect on patient outcomes, the authors were unable to identify any robust studies for review (Moloney and Maggs, 1999). This suggests that the potential effects of documentation failures cannot be fully evaluated, anticipated or described without future research. This also underlines the need to ensure the highest possible standards of care are both implemented and fully documented throughout every stage and componenet of nursing practice. This analysis shows that documentation serves a number of purposes within nursing practice. It records care, demonstrating and communicating what procedures were carried out, when, and why. It rationalises clinical decisions and evaluates clinical and nursing actions. It also allows the direction and planning of care. It provides legal proof that nurses have followed proper protocolsand procedures for the administration of medicines and blood products, for the implementation of medical and nursing orders, and in particular supports complex activities such as discharge planning. Lack of proper documentation can indicate that proper procedures were not carried out. Poor documentation can lead to confusion and to patient compromise, whereby a patient may not receive the medication required, or may erroneously receive an overdose. Similarly, the blood error could have had significant consequences, and should not have occurred, given the nature of the procedures involved, and the clear li nks between safety and existing documentation. These errors point to either a lack of competence in basic nursing procedures, or a lack of care on the part of the staff who made them. Documentation would also have supported the D grade nurse here when dealing with the problems. The discharge planning errors could have been dealt with more effectively if the documentation had been complete. This would be their primary source of information when dealing with a patient complaint and a complaint from a district nursing colleague. The expectation on all parts that such records will be complete and will answer the questions raised by all parties places the responsibility firmly on the nurse to ensure they properly fulfill this vital part of their role. Nurses can engage in proper documentation of the errors and incidents noted so that they are appropriately and comprehensively dealt with now that the errors have been identified, and so can meet all the professional requirements of their role within this siutation (NMC, 2004). And all staff can learn from these incidents, and be included in processes of research, improvement and development to implement better documentat ion and care practices in the future. References Atwal, A.. (2002) Nurses’ perceptions of discharge planning in acute health care: a case study in one British teaching hospital. Journal of Advanced Nursing 39 (5) 450-458. Austin, S. (2006) Ladies and Gentlemen of the Jury, I present: the nursing documentation. Nursing 2006 36 (1) 56-65. Bjorvell, C., Wredling, R. and Thorell-Ekstrand, I. (2003) Prerequisites and consequences of nursing documentation in patient records as perceived by a group of Registered Nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing 12 (2) 206–214. Bull, M.J. and Roberts, J. (2001) Components of a proper hospital discharge for elders. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 35 (4) 571-581. Cheevakasemsook, A., Chapman, Y., Francis, K., Davies, C. (2006) The study of nursing documentation complexities. International Journal of Nursing Practice 12 (6) 366–374. Cleary, M., Horsfall, J. and Hunt, G.E. (2003) Consumer feedback on nursing care and discharge planning. Journal of Advanced Nursing 42 (3) 269-277. Department of Health (2001) ‘National Service Framework for Older People’, England: HMSO. Fielo, S. B. (1998) Discharge Planning for the Elderly: A Guide for Nurses. Nursing and Health Care Perspectives Volume 19(2) 94-95. Frank-Stromborg, M., Christensen, A.and Elmhurst, D. (2001) Nurse documentation: not done or worse, done the wrong wayPart I. Oncology Nurses Forum 28 (4) 697-702. Hyde, A., Treacy, M., Scott, P.A. et al (2005) Modes of rationality in nursing documentation: biology, biography and the voice of nursing. Nursing Inquiry 12 (2) 66–77. Ting-Ting Lee, T-T. (2006) Nurses perceptions of their documentation experiences in a computerized nursing care planning system. Journal of Clinical Nursing 15 (11) 1376–1382. Macleod, A. (2006) The nursing role in preventing delay in patient discharge. Nursing Standard. 21 (1) 43-48. Martin, A. Hinds, C. and Felix, M. (1999) Documentation practices of nurses in long-term care. Journal of Clinical Nursing 8 (4) 345–352. Moloney, R. and Maggs, C. (1999) A systematic review of the relationships between written manual nursing care planning, record keeping and patient outcomes. Journal of Advanced Nursing 30 (1), 51–57. Nazarko, L. (2007) Care planning and documentation. Nursing Residential Care. 9(7). 333-6. NHS (2007) Essence of Care Available from: http://www.tin.nhs.uk/local-networks/essence-of-care/background. Accessed 10-5-07. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2004) Code of Professional Conduct Available from www. nmc-uk.org. Accessed 30-4-07. OConnor, K., Earl, T. and Hancock, P. (2007) Introducing improved nursing documentation across a trust. Nursing Times. 103(6) 32-33. Qualey TL. (1997) Assessing the patients caregiver. Nursing Management. 28(6): 43-4. Reed, J. (2005) Using action research in nursing practice with older people: democratizing knowledge. Journal of Clinical Nursing14 594-600. Sollins, H. (2007) Handling difficult family situations: practical approaches. Geriatric Nursing. 28(2) 80-2. Williams, S.A. (1997) The relationship of patients’ perceptions of holistic nurse caring to satisfaction with nursing care. Journal of Nursing Care Quality 11 (5) 15-29.

Diphtheria (corynebacterium Diphtheriae) :: essays research papers

Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) Corynebacteria are Gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria related to the Actinomycetes. They do not form spores or branch as do the actinomycetes, but they have the characteristic of forming irregular shaped, club-shaped or V-shaped arrangements in normal growth. They undergo snapping movements just after cell division which brings them into characteristic arrangements resembling Chinese letters. The genus Corynebacterium consists of a diverse group of bacteria including animal and plant pathogens, as well as saprophytes. Some corynebacteria are part of the normal flora of humans, finding a suitable niche in virtually every anatomic site. The best known and most widely studied species is Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causal agent of the disease diphtheria. History and Background No bacterial disease of humans has been as successfully studied as diphtheria. The etiology, mode of transmission, pathogenic mechanism and molecular basis of exotoxin structure, function, and action have been clearly established. Consequently, highly effective methods of treatment and prevention of diphtheria have been developed. The study of Corynebacterium diphtheriae traces closely the development of medical microbiology, immunology and molecular biology. Many contributions to these fields, as well as to our understanding of host-bacterial interactions, have been made studying diphtheria and the diphtheria toxin. Hippocrates provided the first clinical description of diphtheria in the 4th century B.C. There are also references to the disease in ancient Syria and Egypt. In the 17th century, murderous epidemics of diphtheria swept Europe; in Spain "El garatillo" (the strangler"), in Italy and Sicily, "the gullet disease". In the 18th century, the disease reached the American colonies and reached epidemic proportions in 1735. Often, whole families died of the disease in a few weeks. The bacterium that caused diphtheria was first described by Klebs in 1883, and was cultivated by Loeffler in 1884, who applied Koch's postulates and properly identified Corynebacterium diphtheriae as the agent of the disease. In 1884, Loeffler concluded that C. diphtheriae produced a soluble toxin, and thereby provided the first description of a bacterial exotoxin. In 1888, Roux and Yersin demonstrated the presence of the toxin in the cell-free culture fluid of C. diphtheriae which, when injected into suitable lab animals, caused the systemic manifestation of diphtheria. Two years later, von Behring and Kitasato succeeded in immunizing guinea pigs with a heat-attenuated form of the toxin and demonstrated that the sera of immunized animals contained an antitoxin capable of protecting other susceptible animals against the disease. This modified toxin was suitable for immunizing animals to obtain antitoxin but was found to cause severe local reactions in humans and could not be used as a vaccine. In 1909, Theobald Smith, in the U.S., demonstrated that diphtheria toxin

Democracy and Dictatorship in Lord of the Flies :: essays research papers

William Golding said â€Å"I learned during World War II just how brutal people can be to each other. Not just the Japanese but everyone†. In the book â€Å"the Lord of the Flies†, Golding tells us about World War II and the Holocaust by making Ralph represent democracy and Jack represent dictatorship. In the beginning of the story the airplane that is going to take the boys to a safe place gets shot down and landed in an island. Ralph represents democracy, when he and Piggy find the conch, Piggy suggested â€Å"We can use this to call the others. We have a meeting. They’ll come if they hear us† (16). Ralph is being democratic because he is giving them a choice if they want to go or not. He is also fair because he is going to have a meeting to decide what they are going to do. When they get together they decide that they need to have a chief. Roger says â€Å"Let’s have a vote† â€Å"Him with the conch† â€Å"Ralph, Ralph, Ralph† (22). They started to notice that Ralph would be a good leader. They see in him what a chief needs to have, and the conch in his hands means power and authority. They all start talking at the same time and discussing about who has to be chief, the choir boys think that Jack should be the chief but the rest want Ra lph to be the chief. â€Å"I got the conch† said piggy indignantly â€Å"you let me speak† (42). Piggy gets the conch because represents power so the rest of the boys had to let him talk and show respect, Piggy was really intelligent so that helped Ralph be a better leader because he would listen to Piggy and choose what was right. William Golding says that Jack represents dictatorship. He wanted to be the chief but the rest chose Ralph â€Å"I cut the pig’s throat† (69) he said. He was the one that hunt the pigs but he needed to paint his face so the pig couldn’t see him but he was also trying to hide from himself. He wanted to be better than the other and made them think he was tough. Jack was selfish and arrogant. He says â€Å"who cares what you think fatty†. He didn’t care about the other’s needs and concerns. He thought that all he did and believed was right and nobody could beat him.

Ebola And Marburg Viruses :: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola HF)

The Ebola and Marburg viruses are extremely lethal viruses that have placed repugnant thoughts on the minds of many people that have any background knowledge on this field of viral infections. Where does it come from? Where does it hide? What could it do to me? As these questions burn holes in the minds of many people, something should be done to learn more about these horrendous viruses. People sometimes become scared stiff from the thought of the bone-chilling effects from these viruses, and had good reason to. "Ebola, the slate wiper, did things to people that you did not want to think about. The organism was too frightening to handle even for those who were comfortable and adept in space suits." (paperback pg.63-64 - Project Ebola). A large, shy man by the name of Gene Johnson was the first pioneer to venture out to find the roots of the Ebola and Marburg viruses. Gene spent many years in Central Africa looking for these viruses. After digging up virtually every piece of land in Central Africa, Gene Johnson wound up without a single case or report of a virus. A man by the name of Charles Monet and a young boy referred to in this book as Peter Cardinal both contracted the same level 4 hot virus. There is only one connection between Charles and Peter. "The paths of Charles Monet and Peter Cardinal had crossed at only one place on earth, and that was inside Kitum Cave." (pg. 140 - Cardinal). Kitum Cave is where the virus is expected to be living or where the history of the Ebola virus lays. So Kitum Cave is where the search for the deadly virus begins. Led by Gene Johnson, the team members on the Kitum Cave expedition set up many differing animals inside the cave with the hope that one of the animals would contract the virus. Even though the expedition's results came out negative, Kitum Cave is still the only logical place where the virus thrives. There have been a handful of outbreaks as the cause of a shipment of monkeys to a civilized community. For example, this occurred from a monkey shipment to an old city in central Germany. Killing 7 out of the 31 people it infected, this virus would later be named after the city it erupted in, Marburg. The monkeys posed as the host in this terrifying disaster. The possibility that humans are the natural host is very, very unlikely. "...its original host was probably not monkeys, humans, or guinea pigs but some other animal or insect

Impact Of The Digital Revolution On Society Essay

Impact of the digital revolution on society The Revolution in digital communication technology is proceeding and bringing new technologies to everyday life at break-neck speed. Most key technologies are still evolving and will do so beyond 2005. The ground-breaking evolution of the technologies will have a profound effect on the work styles on every individual. More often than not people of all sectors either he is a teacher, researcher, staff member or an administrator will greatly depend on technology assistant and the Internet to go in pursuit of their day to day work schedules. In all the roles the physical boundaries that constraint the individual schedule and activities will be greatly reduced. A variety of tasks that presently used to require a trip like shopping, banking, acquiring news and entertainment are accomplished from anywhere. People depend on the digital assistant for shopping, banking, plan holiday and search information. When people finish work and go home, the machine goes with them. The evolution of digital WEB-TV will help all sectors of people to get connected to World Wide Web. Web TV helps people who are not educated or cannot afford a computer to get connected from their respective homes in a gainful mode. By the year 2005 the much anticipated information technology trends will be well established. * The first is towards smaller, cheaper and faster microprocessor, which in turn allows ever-more effective compression and encryption of data, and makes appliances and tools appear smaller and smart. * The second is the trend toward enormously greater digital storage capacities, and allows vast libraries of information to be stored inexpensively on-line. * The third and forth trends are toward high-speed and wireless networking. By the year 2005 about the usage of Internet enabled wireless phones will surpass and about one billion people will be connected to the Internet. Impact on the Individual, Customer & Consumer By the year 2005 Individuals will make use of the digital evolution resourcefully and save their time. Individuals use internet as an decisive tool for online payment of bills, online banking, online booking of cinema, plan travel, holiday accommodation booking, training & educational needs, make appointments with Beautician, Barber, Solicitor Doctor etc. Large sector of people depend on Internet for email correspondence and searching information for their everyday needs. Individuals will mostly use wireless web enabled devices such as Personal Digital Assistants, Windows CE pocket PC, RIM Pagers over Desktop PC’s. Customer & Consumer By the year 2005 Internet will be the most dominant method for buying products. â€Å"Customer Bargaining Power† becomes more evident as the customers have a great variety of choice from their desktops. Industrial consumer use Internet for placing their orders. On-line orders are expected to grow substantially, distributors selling to industrial customers will get to receive online orders about 40% of their total orders. B2C â€Å"Business to Customer† websites or on-line shops will increase and extend from durable goods into many more areas of consumer goods and daily provisions. But customers purchase only simple products on-line. The items purchased by customer often require minimal support or no customer support, the more the complexity of the product the less the customer but it online. Consumers are more sophisticated. Marketing departments will seek external assistance from specialists such as advertising agents, consumer psychologist and consumer-marketing consultants to ensure their applications are both focused and compelling. Impact on Organisations The rapid pace of development of technologies and the changing environment has made unavoidable that organisation has to redefine their business models and to invest in technology to make them e-business enabled. Organisations continually work on how they can add value to their  e-business. In the highly competitive and fragmented market, customers view independent Internet based procurement marketplaces as the most effective way to obtain competitive pricing on both project packages and standard items. Companies will provide product information on their website and will also make a provision for online ordering as most of the customers during 2005 use Internet for their purchases. In addition most of the organisations will make investment in the technology and have systems like Warehouse Management System, Order Tracking System, Customer Relation Management in place. Companies will unlock their distribution, sales and logistics functions and will train their sales forces to leverage online products and technical information. The sales forces job will become wider from just order takers to teach customers about the product. Large organisations will build their own portals and marketplaces for implenting B2B, more industries will join to implement the B2B business model. Many organisations implement Supply Chain Management and will have closer connections with their suppliers and customers. SCM in 2005 represents a philosophy of managing technology and processes in such a way that the enterprises optimize the delivery of goods, services and information. Supply chain e-markets like value added networks, channel masters, third-party logistics firms, wholesalers, IT vendors and system integrator will emerge and significantly help the organisations to enact a recombinant business model. Impact on Government By the year 2005, Government IT budget and spending will increase substantially. Majority of the government transactional services will be provided online. Transactions between various departments of the government will be networked and a substantial part of transfer of files and paper is saved. Governments implement E-Governance business model and deliver the information and services to the public using electronic means. Use of IT by government facilitates an efficient, speedy and transparent process for disseminating information to the public and other agencies, and  for performing government administration activities. All the departments will be fully computerized and public uses Internet and email for their queries and appointments and payment of bills and taxes. The Government will take a major role in implementing Cyber Law, spreading IT awareness among people and changing their mindsets. The Government will provide IT infrastructure by launching information satellites, establishing national communication grids, establishing satellite communication gateways, information kiosks at public places such as shopping centers, post offices, railway stations and libraries. Impact on Education By the year 2005 the e-learning through internet will grow considerably and will become a cream of the crop for people pursuing higher education. Use of e-learning in higher education will explode and many Universities will provide distance learning. Corporate e-training will grow vividly as e-training to their employees will help the employers to save money by cutting costs on travel and accommodation bills. New industry e-learning product manufacturers will evolve, many organisations will tie up with big universities and develop e-learning training products and will either sell directly or deliver online through subscriptions. This will help prospective students to attain first-rate education at a very low cost. Technology innovations will continue to reshape the e-learning landscape e-learning forums will be established and the e-learning providers will increase their investments and will compete with the education institutions and universities. Impact on markets Technology market will continue to evolve and Internet enabled device market will boom, there will be a substantial increase in the Internet enabled devices. B2B and B2C business models will continue to grow. Software Technology Market Voice Recognition is already a pillar of the technology industry and will become more vital component by 2005 as a next generation of communication product. I see the importance of Voice Recognition growing day by day and most of the computers will be controlled with voice commands, rather than keystrokes or mouse clicks. Streaming Audio Video Revolution. Streaming Media Industry will boom, by the year 2005 Streaming Video and Audio importance will be unleashed and will be used extensively for the purpose of distance education, online news broadcasting, corporate webnairs & seminars and for net meetings. Wireless industry Market Wireless industry will boom and developments in the mobile and wireless soil will continue to drive a near revolution in Europe and America. Penetration of data-enabled mobile phones will exceed two to four times of internet penetration by 2005.Wirelesss devices will ultimately displace the Desktop PC’s as the preferred internet access devices. Mobile commerce will increase and the consumer transactions where sale is committed from a mobile device could be up to $2 trillion by the year 2005. Mobile Network operators will be well equipped to target micro payments. Technologies such as WAP, 3G , NTT Do COMO will spread across the whole world to enable cheap and faster modes of wireless services. Blootooth Revolution, will enable possibilities for establishing quick ad-hoc links, and enable mobility during a cordless connection, which is not offered by infrared enabled products. The Blootooth semiconductors revenues alone might surpass $3 billion, and the bluetooth-enabled devices might exceed 250 million units by the year 2005. As the technology market will be evolving beyond 2005, many new technologies and e- business models will progress. Impact on industries Unlike today, where an explosion of technology companies compete for venture capital, I predict that the internet economy by 2005 will be a network of established businesses whose influence comes from stretches around the world. Number of players will shrink and several large companies dominate each segment of the Internet. However, Internet forces business models to change by the year 2005, great changes will be made in many industries. The Book Industry will fully adapt the digital revolution and many publishers will sell their electronic-books on the Internet. Newspaper industry will experience a great change by 2005 most of its customers buy and read their daily newspaper online. The industry will be fully digital compatible and will sell newspaper on the basis of subscriptions. Readers will buy monthly or yearly subscriptions and read online. By the year 2005 I see great changes in the travel industry and there will be a great impact of digital technology on this industry. Most of the airline companies will be selling flight tickets and deals directly online to the customers. The travel industry will make alliances vertically with the related industries such as Hotel industry, Transport industry Amusement and Parks etc., and will directly sell the Holiday Packages and deals to their customers. As the airline company itself sells flight tickets online and travel agents will evolve themselves as e-travel agent or virtual travel agent and normally sell holiday package deals to the customers. The digital effect is more uncovered and will broaden By 2005 almost every modern, traditional small, large, private and public sector industries will implement some level of digital technology. Impact on leisure, travel, etc. The digital impact on leisure and travel is massive, unlike the present people by 2005 will mostly depend on e- travel agents and airline industry for planning there holiday. People search Internet for their holiday spots and will book all necessary hotel accommodation and travel online. As there will be massive changes in the travel industry the tourism departments of various countries will put their tourism and local festival information online to enable people scattered across the world to know. Planning a holiday in 2005 is more interesting and lively. Conclusion â€Å"Internet considerably shrinks the size of our Universe and we will see a High Tech digital world by the year 2005 and beyond.† ‘The world as I see it †¦2005’ Author : Bhaskar Kolluru Page 3 of 11

To Kill a Mocking Bird Literary Analysis Essay

Neolithic Revolution Food: seeds, nuts, fruits, plants (gatherers) Eventually: small to large game (hunters) Hunting = working together, tools, and communication Hunting = migration, move from Africa to Asia Homo sapiens – 100,000 to 400,000 years ago first appear What is the Neolithic Revolution? Neolithic Revolution: agricultural revolution. The switch from hunting and gathering to farming. Agriculture and life style change Men = hunters Women – take care of children, gather plants and fruit for food.Knowledge that seeds = food = BREAKTHROUGH!!!!! Raise wheat, rice, barely, millet Domestication of animals Leads to plow and fertilizers. From hunter gatherers to food producing = Neolithic Agricultural Revolution Causes of the Neolithic Revolution Change in Climate Rising Temperature Drier land for farming Population Boom What does farming provide that hunting doesn’t? Early Farming Methods Slash-and-burn farming Ashes fertilize the soil After a year or two move t o another area of land.Farming Develops in Many Places Africa: Nile River Valley India: Indus Valley China: The Huang He River Valley Mesopotamia: Fertile Crescent Ch 1 Sec 2: Where were these ancient civilizations? Economic Changes Surplus of food meant people had more free time Artisans (crafts people) created valuable new items (cloth, pottery) Traders profited from a wider variety of goods to trade Social Changes People worked together to solve problems build irrigation systems farm land create cities (urbanization)Creation of cities leads to government Some consider: calendar, tools, and writing/reading (education) Social classes emerge 1. Concept of private property Division of labor (specialized jobs) Religion becomes more organized Worshiping gods & goddesses, not forces of nature Neolithic Villages Discovered in the late 1950’s. Famous due to the large size, dense population, spectacular walls, & paintings of the Neolithic life. Catal Huyuk Mud brick Entrance from ab ove Burials under floor Reed mats for beddingPeriodically destroyed and rebuilt above Review Humans initially hunter and gatherers and lived in relative equality. Neolithic Revolution is a food revolution. More food = more people. More people = creation of civilizations. Civilizations = cities, religion, reading/writing, government, division of labor, division of social classes, tool making (tech), concept of time (calendar), free time, education This all leads to civilizations being established in: India, Mesopotamia, Egypt, China.

Mining Group Gold Essay

Introduction Thomas Kayser, author of Mining Gold: How to Cash in on the Collaborative Brain Power of a Team for Innovation and Results, stated in his book â€Å"If you can’t or won’t take the time to do the simple preparatory work, you haven’t earned the right to convene a group session.† Kayser developed a way for teams to collectively combine all efforts in a meeting. He named this method Mining Group Gold. Five Basic Steps According to FUNDAMENTALS, Kayser has set five basic steps for Mining Group Gold. These steps are: Determining the purpose of the session. Determining the desired outcomes of the session. Determining who will be the facilitator, scribe, and time keeper of the meeting. According to Trenton Hightower, there should also be a primary and secondary facilitator. The Primary Facilitator focuses on the group dynamics, controls the flow of the meetings, and when distractions occur the primary facilitator is in charge of intervening. The Secondary Facilitator is everyone in the group because they are responsible for creating a productive group session. The Timekeeper monitors how long each task takes to accomplish. The Scribe keeps track of what is being said on flip charts that can be hung on the wall for future reference. Determining the agenda. Allocating a time for each agenda item. Dealing with Emotion Kayser mentions in his book that there is a process to be taken when dealing with emotions called â€Å"Feelings-Facts-Solutions.† FUNDAMENTALS gives examples of how to properly deal with each of these steps, and they are: Feelings: Accepting, acknowledging, and processing feelings in a way that the team can move on to facts. One way that is suggested is to have every member in the group write down how they feel. Each group member will then present it to the group and they will work together to solve the problem. Facts: Objectively generate and develop facts that can be used to identify and  analyze problems. Solutions: Generate potential solutions, and make decisions as a group on a way of implementing and evaluating the solutions. Improving Teamwork I believe that Mining Group Gold is a great way to work on building team work within a team because it allows for everyone in the group to voice their opinions and feelings, and not just one person controls the whole meeting. It also allows for great communication for these same reasons. Everyone is able to share how they are feeling with the group, and everyone is expected to participate in creating solutions to any problems that might arise. Citations Effective Meetings: Part 1- The Fundamentals. Facilitating a Meeting. (p. 30-31) Received August 16, 2014 from http://library.state.or.us/services/training/DAS_Training_Materials/Files/EffectiveMeetingsPart1TheFundamentals.pdf Hightower, Trenton. Mining Group Gold: A Cooperative Approach to Meeting Effectiveness.. Received August 16, 2014 from http://fieldtrip101.com/pdfs/Mining%20Group%20Gold.pdf Kayser, Thomas. (2011). Mining Group Gold, Third Edition: How to Cash in on the Collaborative Brain Power of a Team for Innovation and Results. McGraw Hill Professional.

A Learning Experience Essay

In this content, there will be a discussion on how someone can learns how to not use drugs and what it was like for them before and after their initial use. There will be an identification of what someone would learn from using to not using. Also included in the discussion there will be a description of how someone’s learning could have occurred through classical conditioning, identifying the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. An explanation will be given in regards to how their learning could have occurred through operant conditioning, describing the behavior, consequence, and reinforcement. There will be an address of how the learning could have occurred through cognitive-social learning. Identifying the Learning Experience Let us say that someone has been doing drugs on a social basis, living a wild and carefree lifestyle. Until one day, a different way of using the drug becomes introduced. In that instance the drug is introduced, it becomes an automatic addiction. It becomes an overwhelming desire to have more to obtain that rush repeatedly. It is the loss of all control and the beginning of losing the power of life. The person frits at the thought of the drug and loses control when they cannot get a hold of it when they want it and how they want it. It becomes a part of their lifestyle and it becomes more difficult for them to lose the desire after a long period of using. It takes a power greater then themselves to quit and the help of people like them who have been clean. With the help and support of these people, the desire to use becomes less and less and the â€Å"disease of addiction,† becomes arrested. What is Learned through the Experience The long term learning experience is learning to live without the use of drugs. Living with the use of drugs causes many to live a life of unmanageability. It leads to a time in an addict’s life when they seek a place where they can receive help, therefore leading to a clean life. They no longer want to live with the obsession of using and no longer with a life of insanity. Classical Conditioning, Unconditioned Stimulus and Response, Conditioned Stimulus and Response Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditional stimulus capable of eliciting a given response after being repeatedly presented with an unconditioned (significant) stimulus (Oxford Reference, 2007). For example, an addict may use a pipe, cigarillos, roll up papers, or syringes (conditional stimulus) whenever an addict set out to use their preferred drug of choice. Eventually, the addict becomes craved at the presence of these items (conditional response), even when the drug was absent (unconditional stimulus). Therefore, the absence of the drug leads to the overwhelming desire to use (unconditional response). If the drugs and all the items are present and then something runs out, the conditional and unconditional stimuli occurs together and are presented at the same place, making the addict powerless. Operant Conditioning, Behavior, Consequence, Reinforcement  Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning) is a form of learning where an individual forms an association between a particular behavioral response and a particular reinforcement (Oxford Reference, 2007). In the case of an addict, when an addict takes the first drug it may be pleasant, but then a thousand is never enough. Therefore, the cliche becomes an addict’s worst nightmare. They use to live and live to use, resulting in the disease of addiction. Once an addict realizes the more they use the more unpleasant it gets, they do not want to face the consequences of jails, institutions, or death. Therefore, they seek the help of recovering addicts, admit their powerlessness over the drug, and make a choice to come clean. As an addict attempts to come clean, they need the reinforcement of Narcotics Anonymous meetings on a daily basis. It is recommended that a newcomer attend 90 meetings in 90 days, associate themselves with other recovering addicts of the same sex, and to seek out a sponsor to work the Twelve Steps. With all these options that Narcotics Anonymous provides helps a recovering addict get well on their way to living a clean productive life. The recovering addict needs to be constantly reminded to take it a day at a time, remember that they didn’t become an addict over night, to keep going back (to meetings), and easy does it. If an addict keeps coming back, they are less likely to go out an relapse; but if they keep beating themselves up, do not change the people, places, and things around them, and continue to keep their old behaviors, they are just punishing themselves making it less likely for them to return to meetings and instead go out and use. Cognitive-Social Learning Cognitive-social learning incorporates the general concepts of conditioning, but rather than relying on a simple stimulus and response model, this theory emphasizes the interpretation or thinking that occurs within the organism, stimulus-organism-response (Carpenter-Huffman, 2010). In the case of an addict, addicts have attitudes, beliefs, expectations, motivations, and emotions that affect learning (Carpenter-Huffman, 2010). In the case of a recovering addict, these old beliefs, attitudes, false motivation and expectations, and lost emotions, being in the rooms of a Narcotics Anonymous meeting helps them to socialize with other recovering addicts and soon the newcomer is able to learn new behaviors through the observations, suggestions, and reading of literature given. In a roundabout way, the newcomer begins by imitating and sharing in meetings, gains a comfort, develops a sense of security, and becomes honest with themselves, allowing them to become honest with other recovering addicts. They learn that not one person is different from another in a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, but they are all alike, one addict reaching out to help another addict recover. Conclusion With the continued socialization and fellowshipping of Narcotics Anonymous, a recovering addict can lose the constant desire to use, find a power greater than themselves, and live a new life taking it a day at a time because any day clean is a day of success. Classical conditioning is a learned behavior that happens with or without the drugs being present. Operant conditioning is knowing that there are consequences for this learned ehavior (drug use), that results in punishment (an addict trying to recover but still having the presence of their old people, places and things resulting in relapse), and lead to a desire to have positive reinforcement (an addict entering into recovery after a life of defeat). Cognitive-social learning is coming to the realization that through participation in the Narcotics Anonymous program, it becomes easier to recover seeing that other addicts too have chosen to recover (imitating and practicing the principles, traditions, and completing the twelve steps).