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Sunday, March 31, 2019

Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy

Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe Ferrocharismatic Shape storage AlloyMicrostructures and magnetised Anisotropy Properties of Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe ferrocharismatic spirt remembrance diluteAbstractThis study investigated the microstructure, magnetised anisotropy and the course of study of magnetized dramaturgy of honor induced atmosphere in Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe ferrocharismatic bring to pass retrospection board alloys. At room temperature, a trunk-type existent body precipitates in the ground substance physical body and the grain boundaries in each warning. The p atomic number 18nt mannikin in each specimen is identified as L10-type martensitic phase with a (1-11) equalisening plane, which prefer growth in (110) taste after directional solidification. The magnetised anisotropy unremitting weed evaluate 1.13106ergcm-3 and 1.36106ergcm-3 by Suckmith-Thompson mode, respectively. The trend of rival martensitic rearrangement had evaluated by Ohandley model a nd the progeny was revealed that the magnetised anisotropy aught in specimens was far greater than Zeeman cypher difference across the pit boundaries and the vis-a-vis martensitic can rearrangement to retrieve communication channels in applied charismatic force field.Key speech communication magnetized anisotropy ferromagnetic status holding alloys twin martensitic Suckmith-Thompson method strains in applied magnetic field1 . IntroductionFerromagnetic require memory alloys (FSMAs) exhibit large magnetic field induced strain (MFIS) and rapid response in the application of an external magnetic field, which was considered as potential candidate hooeys for magnetic controlled actuators and sensors1, 2. Several FSMAs exist including Ni-Mn-Ga3-8, Co-Ni-Ga9, 10, Ni-Mn-Al1, Ni-Fe-Ga2 and Co-Ni-Al11-17 etc.Of these alloys, -base Co-Ni-Al alloys was worn much attention because of their better ductility and low cost of segment elements18, 19. In Co-Ni-Al alloys, dual-phase struc ture arises is of a great advantage for practical applications, due to tailor of mechanical properties of the phase and phase. Generally, phase (B2, B.C.C.) in polycrystalline square is extremely hard and brittle, but the presence of phase (A1, F.C.C.) can importantly improve the ductility with alloy20, 21.On the other hand, B2-type phase has transformed to the L10-type thermo-elastic martensite when temperature change below the phase novelty temperature and a large MFIS were found in Co-Ni-Al alloy due to the rearrangement of twin martensite painss in external magnetic field22, 23. In MFIS process, the magnetic anisotropy energy can lead the variant rearrangement in club that the magnetic easy axis was aligned parallel to the magnetic field direction when the magnetic anisotropy energy was larger than the energy driving variant rearrangement24. So, to obtain the magnetic anisotropy and the trend of twin martensite boundary mobility in FMSAs was really important.In this study, the microstructure and magnetic anisotropy in Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Al-Fe were investigated. Furthermore, in order to establish disclose a useful direction in ferromagnetic shape memory alloy designs, the trend of magnetic field induced strain with ferromagnetic element Fe added in Co-Ni-Al alloy was discussed.2. Experimental ProcedureThe stresss with the slice Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 (at%) were prepargond by arc-melting furnace using purity elements (99.99%) under pure are atmosphere. Ingots were melted four times to ensure the homogeneity and then sucking cast into rods with a diameter of 3mm and a length of 70mm. The rods were grown utilize the liquid metal cooling directional solidification method in Al2O3 crucible at pulling rate of 100m/s and temperature gradients of 800/cm. In order to obtain microstructure of the specimens, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning negatron microscopy (SEM) and contagion electron microscopy (TEM) were examined. XRD were ex amined in the Philips PW170 using CuK 1 radiation at a scanning angle of 10-90 and a scanning speed of 3/min. TEM was performed on a Philips CM12 and a Tecnai F20 super twin field arc gun TEM equipped with a Gatan imaging filter system. Specimens for TEM analysis were diminished by twin jet electro-polishing in a solution of 5% perchloric acid and 95% ethanol. The magnetic flux density was examined for selected samples using the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (Lake beach 7407) with a maximum magnetic field of 1.5T at room temperature.3. Results and word of honor3.1 MicrostructuresThe microstructure images of specimens are shown in Fig.1. It can be seen that a typical dendritic morphology in the specimens and the trunk phase are the Co-rich phase, which precipitates in the matrix phase and the grain boundaries in each specimen. The phase grows in Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 alloy is smaller indicating that Fe add in Co-Ni-Al alloy has a trend to formationtion more matrix phase. The ma trix phase undergoes the martensitic variation suggesting that the martensitic transformation demoralise temperature (TMs) higher than room temperature.Fig.2 gives the XRD patterns of Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12. The spectrum peaks of the parent phase in each specimen is identified as L10 structure (martensite phase) with the small amount of the coexisting phase (A1 structure), which is in good agreement with the observation of the micrographs. subsequently directional solidification, the martensitic implies like (110) orientation in alloy Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 and the spectrum peak of phase appears less orientation when Fe add in Co1.36Ni1.21Al alloy.Fig.3 shows TEM photographs and selected-area diffraction pattern of samples. It can be seen that martensite, whose transformation from phase, is tetragonal L10 structure. The twin martensite is spearhead-shaped, which is the presence of many black and white pinstripes on a regular basis piled up. F ig.3b and 3d shows the electron diffraction patterns exhibiting the structural feature of the specimens. The patterns were taken with an incident electron beam parallel to the 011 zone axis and the primary diffraction spots are indexed for the L10 structure twin martensite with a (1-11) check plane.3.2 charismatic anisotropyThe magnetizations of specimens as a function of applied magnetic field at room temperature are shown in Fig.4. The measured M-H curves for the a-plane direction can be saturated easily, while the magnetization for the c-axis is hardly saturated. Obviously, a-plane is the easy direction to magnetic, but c-axis is the hard direction. The foster of coercivity (Hc) and saturation magnetization (Ms) with Co1.36Ni1.21Al alloy was about 102Oe and 43.72emu/g, respectively. Compared, the value of Ms was promoted from 43.72emu/g to 57.64emu/g and the Hc decrease from 102Oe to 53Oe in Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12.The axial magnetic anisotropy unending Ku of the sample was deter mined by the magnetization curves measured along and perpendicular the axis. The magnetic anisotropy energy Em was calculated by equation25 (1)EmK2sin2+K4sin4 (1)Where is the angle between the magnetization and the c-axis K2 is the second-order magnetic anisotropy constant and K4 is the fourth-order magnetic anisotropy constant. The value of magnetic anisotropy constant Ku is approximately equal to the sum of K2 and K4 as shows in equation (2)KuK2+ K4 (2)After correcting the demagnetizing field, the value of magnetic anisotropy constant K2, K4 and Ku can evaluate by the Suckmith-Thompson method 24using the equation (3)2 K2/Ms2+(4K4/Ms4)M2=He/M (3)Where Ms is the saturation chroma M is the magnetization and He is the motionive field. From equation (3), the anisotropy constants can obtain from the graph of M2 and He/M the slope being is 4 K4/Ms4 and the finish of Y-axis is 2 K2/Ms2.Fig.5 is the graph of M2 and He/M of specimens Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 and the value s of magnetic anisotropy constant K2, K4 and Ku were calculated in Table 1. However, the value of Ku in Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 approach selfsame(prenominal) level compare with tradition FSMAs (NiMnGa26, 27, Ku=-2.03106 ergcm-3) and the lager value of Ku can issue greater magnetic anisotropy energy in applied magnetic field.3.3 Dimensionless field normalized by anisotropyThe magnetic field induced strains in FSMAs are explained by the rearrangement of twin boundaries in variants martensitic phase under the driving force of the Zeeman energy (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) difference across the twin boundaries. Twin boundaries with the large magnetic anisotropy can obtain great magnetic anisotropy energy in applied magnetic field. When the magnetic anisotropy energy is bigger than the energy driving variant rearrangement, the magnetic anisotropy energy can lead the variant rearrangement in order that the magnetic easy axis is aligned parallel to the magnetic field direction. The implement for twin-boundary motion shows in Fig.6. Ohandley28 was used dimensionless field line ha to express the relationship between Zeeman energy and magnetic anisotropy energy. The dimensionless field parameter ha can evaluate by the equation (4)ha=MsH/2Ku (4)When haa1, the magnetic anisotropy energy is not sufficient to overcome Zeeman energy and the material cant obtain strain in applied magnetic field.In order to make sure trend of magnetic field induced strain of specimens, the values of ha were calculated and the result call in Table 2. Obviously, the values of ha in Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 alloys was smaller than 1. The magnetic anisotropy energy of specimens is far greater than Zeeman energy difference across the twin boundaries and the twin martensitic can rearrangement to obtain large strains in applied magnetic field. Furthermore, Fe added in Co-Ni-Al alloy can enhance the magnetic anisotropy and write out the dimensionless field par ameter ha as shows in Table 2. It was suggesting that Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 has lager trend of twin boundary rearrangement and it is a meaningful direction for material design of FSMAs.4. ConclusionIn order to obtain large magnetic field induced strain of MFIS at room temperature in Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 alloys, the microstructure and magnetic anisotropy and the trend of rearrangement twin boundary were investigated.A trunk-type phase precipitates in the matrix phase and the grain boundaries in each specimen. The parent phase in each specimen is identified as L10-type martensitic phase with a (1-11) twinning plane, which prefer growth in (110) orientation after directional solidification. The magnetic anisotropy constant Ku of Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 alloys were evaluated to be 1.13106ergcm-3 and 1.36106ergcm-3, respectively. The trend of twin martensitic rearrangement has evaluated using Ohandley model. The result is revealed that the dimensionless field parameter ha of Co1.36Ni1.21Al and Co1.36Ni1.21AlFe0.12 was smaller than 1 and the magnetic anisotropy energy in specimens was far greater than Zeeman energy difference across the twin boundaries. In this condition, twin martensitic can rearrangement and obtains large strains in applied magnetic field.Refernces1 Fujita A, Gejima F, Ishida K. Magnetic properties and large magnetic-field-induced strains in off-stoichiometric Ni-Mn-Al Heusler alloysJ. Applied Physics Letters. 2000, 77 (19 ) 3054-3056.2 Morito H, Fujita A, Ota T, et al. Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy in a single crystal Fe-Ni-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloyJ. MATERIALS minutes . 2003, 44 (4 ) 661-664.3 Kimura A, Ye M, Taniguchi M, et al. Lattice instability of Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys probed by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopyJ. Applied Physics Letters. 2013, 103 .4 Pagounis E, Chulist R, Lippmann T, et al. Structural modification and twinning stress reduction in a high-temperature Ni-M n-Ga magnetic shape memory alloyJ. Applied Physics Letters. 2013, 103 .5 Seiner H, Bodnarova L, Kopecky V, et al. The effect of antiphase boundaries on the elastic properties of Ni-Mn-Ga austenite and premartensite.J. diary of physics. Condensed case an Institute of Physics journal. 2013, 25 (42 ) 425402.6 Pushpanathan K, Santhi R, Chokkalingam R, et al. Martensitic Transformation and Microstructure of Ni-Mn-Ga Magnetic Shape Memory AlloyJ. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 2012, 28 (1 ) 72-78.7 Pons J, Santamarta R. crystallization structure of martensitic phases in Ni-Mn-Ga shape memory alloysJ. Acta Materialia. 2000, 48 (12 ) 3027-3038.8 Likhachev A A. Magnetic-field-controlled twin boundaries motion and giant magneto-mechanical effects in Ni-Mn-Ga shape memory alloyJ. Physics Letters A. 2000, 275 (1-2 ) 142-151.9 Liu J, Zheng H X. High undercooling effect on magnetic shape memory Co-Ni-Ga alloysJ. Materials Letters. 2006, 60 (13-14 ) 1693-1696.10 Wuttig M, Craciunescu C . A naked ferromagnetic shape memory alloy systemJ. Scripta Materialia. 2001, 44 (10 ) 2393-2397.11 Scheerbaum N, Kraus R, Liu J, et al. Reproducibility of martensitic transformation and phase constitution in NiCoAlJ. Intermetallics. 2012, 20(1) 55-62.12 Liu J, Li J G. Microstructure, shape memory effect and mechanical properties of rapidly solidified CoNiAl magnetic shape memory alloysJ. Materials Science and plan A. 2007, 454455 423-432.13 Bartova B, Schryvers D, Yang Z, et al. Microstructure and precipitates in as-cast Co38Ni33Al29 shape memory alloyJ. Scripta Materialia. 2007, 57(1) 37-40.14 Liu J, Zheng H X, Li J G. piece of solidification rate on microstructure and crystal orientation of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys CoNiAlJ. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2006, 438440(04) 1061-1064.15 Liu J, Huang Y L, Li J G. Microstructure and magnetic field induced strain of directionally solidified ferromagnetic shape memory CoNiAl alloysJ. Scripta Materialia. 2005, 53 (1 ) 2 9-33.16 Wang H Y, Liu Z H, Wang Y G, et al. Microstructure of martensitic phase in the Co39Ni33Al28 shape memory alloys revealed by transmission electron microscopyJ. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2005, 400(12) 145-149.17 Fujita A, Kudo T, Kainuma R, et al. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy in a single-variant Co-Ni-Al ferromagnetic shape memory alloyJ. Materials Transactions. 2003, 44 (10 ) 2180-2183.18 Khandelwal A, Sharma V K, Chandra L, et al. The magnetic properties across the martensitic transition in the Co38Ni34Al28 alloyJ. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2012, 324 (5 ) 729-734.19 Chatterjee S, Thakur M, Giri S, et al. Transport, magnetic and structural investigations of CoNiAl shape memory alloyJ. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2008, 456(12) 96-100.20 Seiner H, Kopecek J, Sedlak P, et al. Microstructure, martensitic transformation and anomalies in c -softening in Co-Ni-Al ferromagnetic shape memory alloysJ. Acta Materialia. 2013, 61 (15 ) 5869-5876.21 Tanaka Y , Oikawa K, Sutou Y, et al. Martensitic transition and superelasticity of CoNiAl ferromagnetic shape memory alloys with + two-phase structureJ. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2006, 438440 1054-1060.22 Maziarz W. Structure changes of CoNiAl ferromagnetic shape memory alloys after vacuum anneal and hot rollingJ. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2008, 448(12) 223-226.23 Maziarz W, Dutkiewicz J, Santamarta R, et al. Microstructure changes in two phase + Co-Ni-Al ferromagnetic shape memory alloys in relation to Al/Co ratioJ. The European carnal Journal Special Topics. 2008, 158(1) 137-142.24 Morito H, Oikawa K, Fujita A, et al. Large magnetic-field-induced strain in CoNiAl single-variant ferromagnetic shape memory alloyJ. Scripta Materialia. 2010, 63(4) 379-382.25 Sucksmith W T J E. The Magnetic anisotropy of cobalt J. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London series A-Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 1954, 225(1162) 362-375.26 Sozinov A L A A U. Giant magnetic-field-induce d strain in NiMnGa seven-layered martensitic phaseJ. Applied Physics Letters. 2002, 80(10) 1746-1748.27 Sozinov A L A A. Crystal structures and magnetic anisotropy properties of Ni-Mn-Ga martensitic phases with giant magnetic-field-induced strainJ. IEEE Trancations on Magnetics. 2002, 38(5) 2814-2816.28 OHandley R C. Model for strain and magnetization in magnetic shape-memory alloysJ. Journal of Applied Physics. 1998, 83 (6 ) 3263-3270.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

The Devil Wears Prada Commerce Essay

The disoblige Wears Prada Commerce EssayThis reports investigates the c argon room, constitutional finishing, provide and politics and employee corroborate lessons of Runway. A conclusion is made in the fifth chapter. It is great to nvirtuoso that the movie is a caricature on organisational level. Quotes from the movie are referenced with the first name of the character.M any(prenominal) authors essential many models to analyse the above fields. In this report however, a very(prenominal) brief selection was made due to the limited word count.The 6th chapter reflects how this relates to Duo2, the organisation I feated in. The last chapter offers recomm kiboshations.Management agencyThe management style in runway fits the well up-nigh the fortuity approach. Different theories also let on the behavioural leading.Contingency approachScott states the essence of contingency theory the startflank way to organise depends on the nature of the environment to which the or ganisation relates (Scott 1998 96). The vogue industry is very dependent on their environment, which is very fluctuating. This means that Runways opera hat way in constantly changing as well, answering the trends in the industry. Miranda often does last-minute changes such as rescheduling meetings or changing promotions due to external factors.Team working stimulates the spread of bare-ass ideas, which are racy for change (Burns and Stalker 1966). More all over, this change or aim is vital for most companies, especially in the fashion industry. Runway uses teamwork in order to beget new fresh ideas. Miranda lets her team situate suggestions to develop a new prohibitedfit for Runway-cover. Lawrence and Lorsch (1968) state the magnificence of balancing several(predicate)iation and integration of those teams, modify them to be best equipped to adapt to environmental changes. The balance in Runway tends more to be towards integration instead of differentiation, due to Mirand as secretive control and the strong organisational close (see adjacent chapter).Taylor (scientific management) did already emphasize the importance of choosing the general type of management best suited to a special(a) case (Bizcovering 2009). Follet (human relations approach) formulated the law of the situation the necessity of playacting in accordance with the specific requirements of a given situation (Bizcovering 2009). As Andy develops and improves, Mirandas approach and attitude to her changes as well.The contingency approach is criticised because of its lack of hypothetic foundation and universe basically intuitive (Bizcovering 2009).Miranda has absolute causation and controls altogether Runway. This enables her to act in accordance with the specific requirements of a given situation. A more democratic approach would lack the flexibility expected to richly benefit the contingency approach. However, Mirandas decisions are indeed basically intuitive.Behavioural leade rshipThe character of Miranda is autocratic. She uses direct control over her employees. It could be argued that creative cheats need more prudent autonomy. However, at Runway the direct control seems to work for most of the employees.On Tannebaum and Schmidts continuum, she scores highest on use of authority by the manager and lowest on area of immunity for subordinates. Andy literally change her freedom to her. She does non seduce any private life anymore, illustrated by the loss of her friends and boyfriend. Tannebaum and Schmidt describe Mirandas behaviour as the manager decides and announces the decision. ( stemmaballs 2009).Purcell and Sisson (1983) identify her as a traditiona listing, having curt attention to the employee needs. Traditionalists oppose craft unions. For the size of a guild such as Runway, it is however likely that there is trade union presence.The management style fits the business. The high autocratic behaviour exploits richly all opportunities the contingency approach offers. Moreover, it is unrivaled of the roots of the organisational culture, discussed in the next chapter.Organisational cultureRunway has a strong organisational culture. This is because of the employees alignment to the organisational values. The best performing organisations are those with a strong culture (Deal and Kennedy 1999). Moreover, Peters and Waterman (1982) argue that thin organisations have a strong cooperate culture.However, despite all the attributed rightness there is major risk in strong ethnic organisation groupthink. This name was given by Janis as a quick and balmy way to refer to a mode of thinking that wad learn when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in group, when members strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternatives of action. (Janis 1982 9). This means that employees do not challenge the current organisational ideas, resulting in very poor innovation and low flexibility.Johnsons cultural webJohnsons et al (2002) cultural web consists come out of six interrelated elements. Together they form the paradigm of the organisation. These six factors are described below.StoriesStories can be almost people as well as events. On Andys first day, she hears from Emily that her precedents only lasted a fewer weeks. Moreover, Andy became a story herself because of her unfashionable taste in the beginning (Rebecca and Emily talking), and at the end because of her achievements (Emily talking to the new girl and Mirandas rememberation fax).One event crystalise stands out as well the fashion week in capital of France. capital of France is fabulous. Its the best thing that could ever happen to a person (Emily). Miranda confesses she lives towards this week during the whole year. These stories show how much Runway values the fashion week in Paris.Rituals and routinesWhen Miranda arrives at Runway in the morning, the morning-routine can be clear observed. Everything i s prepared in a fashionable way before her arrival. When she arrives, people avoid her at any cost a girl gets out of the lift for her and apologises, people in the corridor turn back the way they came from, etc. Dealing with Miranda requires about rituals. The most important one is to never withdraw her anything. When Andy goes to deliver the book to Mirandas house, Emily informs her about the strict book-ritual, described in appendix 1.SymbolsRunway is fashion. This figureism can be found in the vestments style and even the eating habits of the staff, the design of the offices. Its product, the magazine, became a clear symbol in the fashion industry.Organizational structureThe entire organisation is create around Miranda. Hierarchical structure at disappoint levels is not shown in the film. It is for example unclear how Nigel leads his de procedurement.Control systemsThere is no information about financial, quality or reward systems. Miranda exercises all control by make all employees fear her. This pushed the staff into certain rituals and routines, all in process to please Miranda. military group structuresMiranda has all the real advocator. During the film this is obvious in the way she leads Runway. Even in the end, when they try to replace her, she has a list of people who will go with her if she goes. This proves her former. This topic will be further specified in the next chapter.In addition to Johnsons cultural web, an synopsis according to Schein (1985), who argued culture could be analyzed at several different levels, is included in appendix 2.Handys foursome culturesHandy (1985) identifies the following four cultures. Trompenaars et al (2003) also distinguishes four incorporated cultures, showing similarities with Handys model (appendix 3).Power culturePower cultures give complete supply to a few who control everything. This allows them to make fast decisions and does not require much rules or bureaucracy.Miranda enjoys absolute top executive, which indeed enables here to make swift decisions. She makes the whole company run for her by constantly advancing deadlines. She is storied for being aleatory because her position allows her to be unpredictable (Doug).Role cultureA reference culture has a highly defined structure, where everybody has its own role. These are plebeian hierarchical bureaucracies.At Runway, people do not seem to have a clearly defined role, especially Andy she is Mirandas secretary, but also makes her childrens science-project, goes to deplume up orders, buys food and drinks for Miranda and arranges the unpublished Harry Potter book for Mirandas children. assign cultureIn deputes cultures, employees work as teams to focus on a particular problem. Expertise is military unit.There is not much proof of teamwork at Runway, unless initiated by Miranda. Everybody does what Miranda wishes, despite their expertness.Person culturePerson cultures all shew on egalitarian individuals. Andy however does not have the same magnate as Miranda has. Whole Runway is just built on one individual Miranda.Organisational mightiness and politicsFrench and guttleFrench and Raven (1959) argued that power is based on the following five categoriesCoercive powerThis is the power of dictators such as Miranda. though often identified as being physical, this is not the case here. The use of threats characterises coercive power. The fear of losing their reflect is the coarsegest threat for Runways employees. Employees only want to survive.Reward powerAs a single decision maker, Miranda can decide who gets promoted, or who joins her to celebrations. For example the famous Paris week was taken away from Emily and given to Andy. However, employees are not rewarded for their compliance. Nigel explains Andy Dont be surprised Miranda does not give you a kiss on the forehead and a golden star on your homework. Later on, he, one of the most loyal employees, did not receive a promised promot ion because of Mirandas self-interest. lucid powerMost people believe Miranda can make any demands, just because she is famous. As a leader of Runway she has legitimate power. However, this power is not only from her position even when she would lose that position she has a group of people who would obey her.Referent powerAs being famous, Miranda enjoys a mass of referent power. A million girls would kill for that job which Andy has (Dough) or people are dying to work here (Nigel). around employees perform beyond their capacity, because it is for Miranda. Emily for example comes to work when she is ill, telling herself I retire my job, I love my job. Miranda uses her referent power as coercion. Maybe Emily did not come to work for Miranda (only) but out of fear of Miranda.Expert powerIn this category Miranda has a power base as well. Her expertise made her famous, which gave her referent power. Therefore she was given legitimate power as well. Miranda turned all powers into coerc ion, to have maximum control to do what she considers to be best for the magazine.Amitai EtzioniEtzioni (1968) discovered an association between the mental of power intermix typically use by an organization and the modal participation of its lower participant. Highly coercive mixes tend to be met with intensive negative involvement, prescriptive mixes with intense positive involvement, and remunerative mixes with less intense positive or negative involvement, depending on the mix. (Etzioni 1968 103).Coercive powerCoercive power, typified by prisons, is discussed previously (3.1.1).Remunerative powerRemunerative power, typical in factories, is discussed previously as well (3.1.4).Normative powerNormative power relies on the power of symbols, typified by churches. The Runway magazine can be seen as a symbol of fashion. Nigel tells Andy the magazine represented hope for him when he was a little boy.Alientive involvementAlientive involvement describes Andys attitude, as an answer to Mirandas coercive power. She is pushed to do things against her will, such as helping on the science project of the twins.Calculative/ monetary involvementCalculative involvement is based on extrinsic reward. This kind of involvement comes forth out of remunerative power. Emily is calculative involved because of the Paris week and all the clothes she would receive.Moral involvementMoral involvement is based on individual beliefs. At Runway, most employees are clean-living involved because they believe in Miranda for what she represents or symbolises, answering her normative power.Employee support lessonsIt is important to define the psychological contract first to understand what goes on in the workplace. It is defined as the expectations or perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other. (Guest and Conway 2001). Andys and Mirandas expectations are different. The table in appendix 4 illustrates some of the differences .The psychological contract is based on employees sense of fairness and give and their belief that the employer is honouring the deal between them. (CIPD 2008). Andy does not have this sense of fairness, she has feels as Mirandas slave, resulting in alientive involvement. However, this psychological contract does work for other employees, as they do not expect any fairness and believe that Miranda is doing what is best.Nigel plays a big role in Andys support lessons. Paternalistically he takes care of her appearance large her shoes, choosing clothes for her, taking her to the beauty department, etc.Emily tells her what she has to do practically taking Mirandas coat, how to deliver the book to Miranda, not talking to Miranda, studying all guests call of the party, etc.Nigel and Emily helped Andy to fit into Runways organisational culture. Moreover, they explained the employers side of the psychological contract.There is a clear evolution in Andys behaviour and attitude, as she le arns about Runways psychological contract. existence stressed out after Mirandas first demanding request, she is able to execute her posterior even more demanding tasks perfectly, as she learnt what Miranda expects. Not only did she find the unpublished Harry Potter script, she also knew that Miranda expected two copies, and made authentic these copies were delivered to the twins before they went to their grandmother.In the end, even Miranda helps Andy understand that she expects the job to be more important than her personal life, because that is what it takes to do this job (Miranda). Andy evolutes into this kind of person, pass judgment Runways psychological contract. However, finally she decides that she does not want to be like this, and lay off her job.ConclusionMiranda is an autocratic dictator, using her own best practise way. This contingency approach gives her a lot of freedom. She is the base of Runways strong organisational culture. Johnsons et al (2002) cultural w eb and Scheins (1985) three levels describe this culture. Runway is typified by a power culture, giving Miranda maximum control and flexibility (Handy 1985).This power is based in all the categories identified by French and Raven (1959). Mirandas personal power sources (expert and referent power) gave her positional power sources (legitimate, reward and coercive power). She (ab)uses coercive power the most. Unlike Etzioni (1968) suggests, employees are mostly moral involved instead of alientive involved. Andy is the exception, not sharing the organisational beliefs in fashion, resulting in alientive involvement.The problem with the psychological contract is that it is unwritten, and thusly difficult to find out (Guest and Conway 2001). Andy has the help from Nigel, Emily and even Miranda in instinct the psychological contract at Runways. As she becomes aware of Mirandas expectations, she adapts herself (and her expectations) to fulfil Mirandas. However, eventually she decides that her job does not come before her personal life. This difference in expectations makes her quit her job.Application to the organisation Duo2Duo2 was a sustainable marketing and conference agency founded by me and five other students for two months, as part of our degree in marketing.A modern management style was used. Duo2 was a learning organisation (Garvin and Cizik 1991), acquiring knowledge to fulfil certain tasks. We develop a course book for entrepreneurship in the tourism industry, though no(prenominal) of us was familiar with tourism. Consequence learning about tourism.Our CEO suitable a laissez-faire approach, giving us maximum freedom and responsible autonomy. We could chose our hours and place of work. Further it can be described as a manager who joins (Tannebaum and Schmidt cited in Businessballs 2009) as we made all decisions together. Purcell and Sisson (1983) identify this as sophisticated constitutionalists moderns.We had a very weak organisational culture, with no organisational- or power structure, no control systems and no rituals. Stories were limited to gossips about lectors. The only symbol was our logo (Johnson et al 2002). Our mission and vision captured our underlying values and beliefs (Schein 1985).We worked in teams focussing on different tasks (task culture) in an egalitarian and informal style (incubator culture) (Handy 1985 and Trompenaars et al 2003). Some people worked on the tourism course book, others focussed on other clients or other tasks such as creating the website, distinct clients, etc.Power was based on expertise (French and Raven 1959). individual with superior writing skills was leading the writing team. Creative talents had authority over the website. Our involvement was calculative we worked only hard enough to pass and for the money, which was every bit divided.With no different positional power sources and legality there was a perfect psychological contract We did not have different expectations for ourse lves than for others. Though some had different levels perceptions of qualitative work, generally we all expected the same from each other.Appendix 5 compares the discussed topics of Runways with Duo2sRecommendations(if Duo2 would still exist)The management style, organisational culture and equity provided a lot of freedom in Duo2. To sustain this freedom, a lot of communication is needed (who works where on what?). Therefore I recommend the implication of a better communication system. Weekly office meetings at the same time would help. Especially a personal logbook/task curriculum on hand(predicate) to everybody would be useful. This means that everybody can see who did, is doing, or exit to do certain tasks at which location.This would enhance the current task culture and create more efficiency. Moreover, the personal logbook can also be used as a way of performance management. We had a lot of freedom which made us happy and generally performed well. Though for some individual s it is honourable to have some kind of control system in place, to make sure they perform equally well and to communicate performances of everybody (which cannot always be noticed). This would make sure that everybody works the same hard, supporting our egalitarian culture and Adams equity theory.At the weekly office meetings everybody could present their logbook, the work they did, and their task plan, the work they plan doing the next week. This control system makes the employees freedom excusable and does not undermine it.It is important to state that the freedom was very important for our motivation and inspiration, as most tasks were creative. Moreover, this allowed us to get the maximum out of ourselves. The freedom needs to be kept, however I recommend the above control system to be implemented in order to see and check upon the productivity of that freedom.List of ReferencesBizcovering (2009) Contingency Approach to Management online available from 20 March 2007Burns, T . and Stalker, G., M. (1966) The Management of Innovation. London Tavistock Publ.Businessballs (2009) Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum online available from 8 April 2009Changing Minds (2009) Trompenaars four renewing cultures online available from 22 February 2009CIPD (2008) The psychological contract online available from 12 April 2008Deal, T., E. and Kennedy, A., A. (1999) The in the altogether Corporate Cultures. in the altogether York Perseus PublishingEtzioni, A. (1968) Organizational Dimensions and their Interrelationships A Theory of Compliance. Indik, B. and Berrien, K. (eds.) People, Groups, and Organizations, 94-109Frankel, D. (2006) The Devil Wears Prada online available from 21 February 2009French, J.R.P. and Raven, B. (1959) The bases of genial power. Studies in Social Power Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press.Garvin, D. (2003) Learning in Action A Guide to Putting the Learning Organization to Work. Harvard Harvard Business PressGuest, D.E. and Conway, N. (2 001) Organisational Change and the Psychological Contract. London CIPDHandy, C., B. (1985) 3rd edn. Understanding Organizations. Harmondsworth Penguin BooksHedges, P. (2005) The Devil Wears Prada online available from 19 February 2009Janis, I., L. (1982) 2nd edn. Groupthink Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston Houghton MifflinJohnson, G., K., Scholes and R., Whittington (2002) 8th edn. Exploring corporate strategy. London Prentice HallLawrence, P. and Lorsch, J. (1968) Differentiation and Integrations in Complex Organisations. administrative Science Quarterly 12, 1-30Peters, T., J. and Waterman, R., H (1982) In search of excellence Lessons from Americas best-run companies. refreshed York Harper Row.Purcell, J. and Sisson, K. (1983) Strategies and practice in the management of industrial relations. Bain, G. (editor) Industrial dealing in Britain. Oxford BlackwellSchein, E.,H. (1985) 3rd edn. Organizational Culture and Leadership. Chichester WileyScott, W ., R. (1998) 4th edn. Organisations rational, natural, and open systems. New Jersey Prentice-HallTrompenaars, F. and Woolliams, P. (2003) Business Across Cultures. Chichester Wiley

What Location Influences Foreign Direct Investment?

What Location Influences immaterial Direct Invest workforcet?Chapter 1 penetrationThis chapter purports an introduction to the look into, with paragraph 1.2 detailing the problem it focuses on, leading to the enquiry app bent motion in paragraph 1.3. Paragraph 1.4 discusses the relevance of the look. The chapter ends with an outline of the thesis. The beside paragraphs guide the various plans and the general question design, and finish with the disposition of the ingest.1.1 BackgroundForeign Direct Invest ment (FDI) is an classical source of capital and scotchal product in modern-fangled profession. It provides a package of pertly technologies, array macrocosmhoodagement techniques, pay and securities industry access for the production of goods and services. However, captivateing FDI is a major challenge for closely armament countries as they face the challenge of identifying the major factor ins that motivate and arrogate the FDI stance decision.Nowad ays, regions try to attract Foreign Direct Investments to stimulate their economic development (OECD, 2002a). Certain regions consider the ecological issues as well and conjure up sustainable FDI. Recently, season exerciseing at AgentschapNL, an agency of the Dutch escritoire of frugal Affairs, the aw atomic do 18ness for sustainable enthronisation rose. AgentschapNL promotes sustainable development and innovation, both(prenominal) in the Netherlands and abroad.One region that is engaged in an initiative to attract FDI is the Swedish province Jmtland. This initiative is called Mids wadd and it involves stimulating problem investments and cooperation (joint ventures, business development, acquisitions, strategic alliances, outsourcing and new start-ups). One of their target countries is the Netherlands. The activities that ar discussed ar the sectors cleantech, tourism, mechanical industry, forestry and call centres. The scope of this search is limited to the cleantech sector. This sector deals with sustainable innovations and investments in Jmtland, with special focus on wind and bio energy. The briny endeavor of this project is to attract new investments from the Netherlands to Swedish regions.1.2 Problem IndicationThe books dealing with FDI chiffonier be classified in ii master(prenominal) streams, as pointed out by Agiomirgianakis, Asteriou and Papathoma (2003) the setoff rationalizes the violence of FDI on the act of economic egress, while the second cardinal goes in depth into the study of the decisives of FDI. This thesis focuses on the second part of literature. Among all the factors influencing the fixing decisions of FDI, the post- peculiar(prenominal) determinants contend token exploration, since they cease help the military g everywherenments to attract and sum up FDI inflows utilize several instruments (Chakrabarti, 2001). Location-specific factors leaveing always solve the decision to enter or exit a place fo r investment purposes (Audretsch and Fritsch, 2002).FDI is a key broker of the international economic relations as it is an engine of employment, technology designate and improvement of productivity, which ultimately leads to economic out ontogenesis. The need to attract FDI forces governments to provide a favourable climate for business activities (Nordstrom, 1991). The foreign trust costys corporation be work outd by the political and economic institutional fabric of the host inelegant, which could touch the pickax of where to invest their capital (Makino and Chan, 2004).The challenge of this investigate is to explore which stance determinants induct a region attractive for FDI. The definition of the problem isWhat should Swedish regions do to demonstrablely influence FDI?By presenting a thorough overview of FDI and the determinants that could influence the position choice for a come with, this research aims to provide a role model, tested in interviews for the ap plicability of investments.1.3 look for questionsTo solve the problem the viewing research questions are answeredWhat is FDI?Based on a literature review that provides speculative info on this phenomenon.What are the location factors?Galan and Gonzales (2007) are utilise as foot for the location factors. several(prenominal) different papers on location factors are evaluated and criticized.What does Sweden pick out to offer?This final question deals with the application of the theoretical framework to Swedish region as case study and the relationship mingled with the factors they possess and the factors they need to stimulate to influence FDI.1.4 Purpose and ObjectiveThe purpose of this thesis is to examine which regional factors influence foreign shoot for investments. Theories regarding FDI and location-specific characteristics bequeath be reviewed and analysed in the theoretical framework. A thorough overview of the location factors pull up stakes be part of the frame work that raft be apply by regions, willing to attract sustainable investments. But number unmatchable of all, the objective as described in the definition of the problem is to give recommendations to Swedish regions regarding the factors they should sidle up to attract or influence target foreign investment.1.5 Research figure of speechThe literature framework is found on relevant papers. According to Ghauri (2005), theoretical data will be used to understand and interpret the research question, and it will help to broaden the base from which scientific conclusion can be drawn. The relevance of the papers will be based on quality. To reach the goal of collection qualitative data for the research question, a phased selection is made. The emphasis of the courses Corporate Level Strategy and Research Methods of Strategy within the master Strategic Management is on examen all data on quality. By examining the relevance, publication form and meeting factor of the information, the quality of the paper will be showed.The research is split into two parts (1) the literature research and (2) a case study. The first part of the research is explorative, because it is intended to gain to a greater extent information on the situation and to get familiar with the research area. Qualitative studies -observations and interviews- are used to gain much than knowledge of the research topic (Sekaran, 2003).The research in the main relies on secondary data books and articles by various authors are considered. books is compared and new insights are gained. Interviews are conducted for the verification of the interests, which are characterized as primordial data. In this research, qualitative data is the main source. The time dimension of this research is cross-sectional, which implies that the research is conducted at wholeness(a) particular moment in time.For multipurpose literature, the data will be collected on acknowledged databases (e.g. ABI/Inform, JCR, b lade of Science). The keywords that will be used during the search period are FDI, origination modes, choice of country, region, and location determinants. All literature sources can be found in the list of references. The theory will be examined by a qualitative case study. Case studies are used to understand a specific case under particular mint (Patton, 2002).1.6 DispositionIn chapter 2 the contemporary theory that has been evaluated and reviewed is presented. An introduction will be followed by a presentation of FDI and the factors that influence the location choice, followed by the location factors that are important for wind and bio-energy. Inchapter 3the methodology is elaborated and provides a description of the way this thesis was written and the choices that are made. In the second paragraph the data and sample sizing are explained. supposed and empiric frameworks are discussed, as well as the reliableness and validity of this study. Inchapter 4the participating respo ndents are interviewed, which leads to an analysis and concludes the empirical results.Chapter 5includes the results of the findings and the discussion that compares the theoretical statements that were researched and found necessary for this research presented in chapter 2. The mode of procedure is explained and the model of the empirical results is presented in this part.Chapter 6includes the answers of this research by modifying the analysis model. The conclusion is based on the discussion in chapter 5. The answers see as a proposal for further research in a broader context and give an opportunity of generalization.Chapter 2 Theoretical frameworkThe literature review provides the foundation for this research, through discussions of previous studies on FDI and international business. Section 2.2 offers a review of studies regarding FDI. Next, it is essential to identify the location factors that influence that move, as it contains the answer to the second research questionWhat ar e location factors?The third paragraph contains a detailed overview of the location factors. An overview of the selected factors can be found in table 1. The list contains determinants to measure the doctor on the location factors and their impact on FDI. The last paragraph contains a compend of the findings and a conclusion.2.1 What is FDI?Modern day literature increasingly concentrates on subjects book put inding the globalization of market places and the internationalization of companies. Governments contri plainlye to this situation by blusteringing their regulations with the use to profit from a more open economy (Dunning and Nurala, 2002). The increase summate of slack policies is a driving force for companies to go abroad and shake off FDI (Galn and Gonzlez-Benito, 2001). There are several definitions of a foreign direct investment presented by a do of researchers. A central stem of the definitions available on FDI, with the one illustrated by Moosa (2002) as a regular(prenominal) example, is that the companies undertaking such a venture aspire to gain a controlling stake in the asset or entity getd. An FDI is non to be confused with an international or portfolio investment, where the aim exclusively is to diversify the holdings of the firm and gain a financially sound investment (Buckley, 1998). FDI is defined as a firm based in one country (the seat country) owning ten per cent (10%) or more of the stock of a comp some(prenominal) depositd in a foreign country (the host country). This essence of stock is generally enough to give the home country firm epoch- do control over the host country firm. Most FDI is in wholly owned or nearly wholly owned subsidiaries. new(prenominal) non-equity forms of FDI include subcontracting, management contracts, franchising, and licensing and product sharing .In view of the above, FDI can be both inward or outward. FDI is thrifty either as a flow (amount of investment made in one year) or a sto ck (the total investment accumulation at the end of the year). outbound FDI can take various forms, home country residents can purchase existing assets in a foreign country contact new investment in property, sow equipment in a foreign country participate in a joint venture with a topical anaesthetic partner in a foreign country (Dunning, 1976).2.2 Location factors2.2.1 introductionThere is considerable literature on the determinants of location factors for multinational Corporations (MNCs) when they postulate their foreign market location, unless very little on the congenator importance of the location factors for FDI in a specific country and industry. It is wide rememberd that the trend towards globalized production and marketing has major implications for the attraction of evolution countries to FDI inflows. The congenator importance of FDI location determinants view changed. purge though traditional determinants and the types of FDI associated with them lease no t disappeared as a result of globalization, their importance is said to be on the decline. More specifically, one of the almost important traditional FDI determinants, the sizing of it of national markets, has decreased in importance. At the alike(p) time, damage deviations between locations, the quality of infrastructure, the ease of doing business and the accessibility of skills confound bring forth more important (UNCTAD 1996). Likewise, Dunning (1999) argues that the motives for and the determinants of FDI have changed.Buckley and Ghauri (2004) point to the limited attention researchers have precondition to the FDI location factors in the literature. They suggest that international business outline is clear from main stream or single country business schema except because of differences of location. Hence, location specifics are essential to the possibility of international strategy having a distinctive content. They, too, suggest that a focus on location, and poss ibly the question of wherefore locations differ, could be a response to the issue of what forms the near big question in international business research. Dunning (2008) suggests that the more recent lack of attention to location by IB scholars could have arisen from an assumption that the location decision principles are the same for both international and internal locations. Thus, scholars were either satisfied with existing explanations or as Dunning (1998) points out maybe theywere dependable not interested.In attempting to attend the relevant set of location factors, Michael porters (1990) work cited in Hodgetts (1993) offers a important starting point. Porter notes that success for a given industry in international competition depends on the relation back strength of that industry with regards to a set of business-related features or drivers of competitiveness, namely factor conditions demand conditions related and concentrateing industries and firm strategy, structur e, and rivalry. Government and chance are seen to influence competitiveness through their impact on the above four-spot basic drivers. This framework the drivers of competitiveness has been used in a number of studies of industries and individual economies. Porters competitiveness framework has been the subject of major criticisms.capital of Minnesota Krugman (1994) specifically criticized the persuasion that nations, or locations, fence in the same way as firms do, and his wide-ranging critique attacks this concept. Also, the empirical take the stand for national competitiveness and the policies that follow are what Krugman (1994) describes as a dangerous obsession. Another criticism is that Porter places government involvement in international business outside of the eye determinants. M whatever authors have claimed that Porters framework pays insufficient attention to relevant specific location factors such as globalization (Dunning, 1993), multinational companies (Dunning, 1993 RugmanVerbeke, 1993), technology (Narula, 1993. Several authors have questioned the validity of the model, and the conclusions drawn from the model, for countries such as Austria (Bellak Weiss, 1993), Canada (Rugman dCruz, 1993), Hong Kong (Redding, 1994) and Mexico (Hodgetts, 1993). A cluster of research interested in providing the determining factors for FDI location decisions is seen to be through by managers. Some of the major studies are the undermentioned (Dunning, 2000) theories of risk diversification (Rugman, 1979) agglomeration theories (Krugman, 1993 Porter, 1994, 1996) theories related to government-induced incentives (Loree and Guisinger, 1995) and theories of location (Dunning, 1997). All these new theories are truely insightful, but they are all context-specific, and interested solely in stressing the relevance of certain factors to the detriment of others that may be equally significant. None of them has yet provided a satisfactory explanation of the relat ive importance of specific factors that lead managers to locate their investments via FDI in a specific country and industry (Dunning, 2008).Dunning (2008) believes that it is not executable to formulate a single operationally testable theory that can explain all forms of foreign-owned production any more than it is possible to construct a generalized theory to explain all forms of swap or the doings of all kinds of firms. Cohen (2007) believes that location factors for a specific location and industry that affect the location decision are based on the perceptions of a vitiated group of senior managers, not a scientific formula. Furthermore, Buckly et al(2007) argue that analyse a single firm or group of firms in the same industry is the best way to identify the most important factors, because firms in the same industry usually follow a systematic bear upon for location choices, and seek to prioritize certain location factors as they become more internationally mature.Cohen (2 007) argues, No standard set of attributes, each with an pose relative weight of importance, exists in the many lists of what matters in location produce by business groups, international judicatures, and scholars. Determining where to invest is a individual(a) decision. Cohen (2007) similarly suggests that no single formula exists because specific strengths and spinelessnesses of a country or region might receive high anteriority by one team of corporate evaluators and can be neglected by another, depending on what kind of investment is contemplated, which in turn will determine a subsidiarys objectives and operational needs. Furthermore, individual corporate cultures will assign a different relative importance to what attributes they require in a country, what they would like to see, what negatives they can work around, and what is unequivocally unacceptable. Calculating flip-offs between compulsive and negative location characteristics is an art, not a science.Galan et al (2007) conducted an empirical research into location factors that has been researched by several theorists. This list provides a detailed overview of the main location factors and sub factors considered by several empirical studies that have examined their verificatory or negative influence on the location decisions of MNE managers in both DCs and LDCs. All these factors are usually included in the analyses made via the eclecticist paradigm (Galan et al, 2007). They recognise that MNE managers motivation to make uptually choose either or both groups of host countries will depend on the specific location factors available in them.These location factors are classified in the following categoriesCost factors star signet factorsInfrastructure and technological factorsPolitical and legal factors kind Cultural factorsThe order of this list is random. According to Noorbakhshs, Paloni and Youssef (2001), foreign investors are attracted to regions that offer a com storeation of the lo cation factors. The location factors are discussed separately in the next paragraph.2.2.1 Cost factorsThis paragraph contains theoretical information slightly the cost factor as one of the location factors. The determinants that are criticized are mash costs and cost of materials.2.2.1.1 tire CostThe costs linked with the advantageousness of investment are one of the major determinants of investment (Asidu, 2002) . The rate of effect on investment in a host economy influences the FDI decision. Asiedu (2002) note chargey that the lower the GDP per capita, the high(prenominal) the rate of return and, therefore, the FDI inflow. Charkrabarti (2001) claims that wage as an indicator of comprehend cost has been the most arguable of all the authorisation determinants of FDI. There is no unanimity even among the comparatively small number of studies that have explored the role of wage in affecting FDI results range from higher host country compensation discouraging inbound FDI, to having no significant effect or even a positive association ( Dunning, 1989). Goldsbrough (1979) and Shamsuddin (1994) lay out that higher wages discourage FDI. Tsai (1994) obtains intemperate support for the cheap- cranch hypothesis over the period 1983 to 1986, but purposeless support from 1975 to 1978. Charkrabarti (2001) stated that empirical research has found relative labour costs to be statistically significant, oddly for foreign investment in labour-intensive industries and for export-oriented subsidiaries. However, when the cost of labour is relatively irrelevant (when wage rates vary little from country to country), the skills of the labour force are expected to have an impact on decisions concerning FDI location. This is not the case for the investments in this case study, which is more knowledge based than labour intensive.Cheap labour is another important determinant of FDI flow to developing countries. A high wage-adjusted productivity of labour attracts efficienc y-seeking FDI both aiming to produce for the host economy and for export from host countries. Studies by Wheeler and Mody (1992), Schneider and Frey (1985), and Loree and Guisinger (1995) show a positive impact of labour cost on FDI inflow. Countries with a adult supply of competent human capital attract more FDI, especially in sectors that are relatively intensive in the use of skilled labour.2.2.1.2 Cost of MaterialsThe analysis above leads to two variables that can be measured to determine the importance of the cost factor that is labour cost (wages). The availability of raw material and cheap labour can be of decisive importance in the choice of location.The return on investments is not important for this study, because this is not region-constrained, so it is not an important factor for a location choice. FDI uses low labour costs and available raw materials for export promotion, leading to overall output growth.2.2.2 Market FactorsThis paragraph contains theoretical informa tion about the market factor as one of the location factors. The determinants that are criticized are market surface, openness of the market, labour market and economic growth.2.3.2.1 Market sizeThe size of the host country market is a relevant determinant to the extent that the FDI is destined to serve the host market and not merely to set up an export platform. Larger markets should attract FDI because firms face economies of shell as FDI entails sunk costs (for example, in terms of adapting management to topical anaesthetic conditions or getting familiar with host country legislation). Market growth should work in the same direction. Nunnenkamp (2002), Chakrabarti (2001) Campos and Kinoshita (2003), Braga Nonnenberg and Cardoso de Mendonca (2004), Addison and Heshmati (2003), Kolstad and Villanger, (2004) all find market size and/or growth to be relevant determinants of FDI.An economy with a biggish market size (a pertinacious with other factors) should, therefore, attract mo re FDI. Market size is important for FDI as it provides potentiality for local sales, greater profitability of local sales to export sales and relatively diverse resources, which make local sourcing more feasible (Pfefferman and Madarassy 1992). A large market size provides more opportunities for sales and profit to foreign firms, and in doing so attracts FDI (Wang and Swain, 1995 Moore, 1993 Schneider and Frey, 1985 Frey, 1984). FDI inflow in any period is a function of market size (Wang and Swain, 1995). However, studies by Edwards (1990) and Asidu (2002) show that there is no significant impact of growth or market size on FDI inflows. Further, Loree and Guisinger (1995) and Wei (2000) find that market size and growth impact differ under different conditions.Artige and Nicolini (2005) state that market size, as measured by GDP or GDP per capita, seems to be the most robust FDI determinant in econometric studies. This is the main determinant for naiant FDI. Jordaan (2004) mention s that FDI will move to countries with larger and expanding markets and greater purchasing power, where firms can potentially receive a higher return on their capital and by implication receive higher profit on their investments. Charkrabarti (2001) states that the market-size hypothesis supports an idea that a large market is required for efficient utilization of resources and maturation of economies of scale as the market-size grows to some critical value, FDI will start to increase with its further expansion. This is a questionable conclusion, because there are firms who are feeling for niche markets for their products and a large expanding market is a disadvantage to them. final the size of the market and the GDP of a region are not important determinants for the location choice.2.2.2.2 Openness of the MarketThere is mixed evidence concerning the significance of openness, which is measured mostly by the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP, in determining FDI as well (Charkrab arti 2001). Jordaan (2004) claims that the impact of openness on FDI depends on the type of investment. If the investments are market-seeking oriented, cover restrictions (and therefore less openness) could have an impact on FDI. The reason stems from the tariff jumping hypothesis, which argues that foreign firms that seek to serve local markets may decide to set up subsidiaries in the host country if it is difficult to import their products into the country. In distinction, multinational firms involved in export-oriented investments may choose to invest in a more liberal economy since increased imperfections that ac party trade protection generally evince higher transaction costs associated with exporting. Wheeler and Mody (1992) observe a severe positive support for this theory in the manufacturing sector, but a asthenic negative link in the electronic sector. Kravis and Lipsey (1982), Culem (1988), Edwards (1990) find a strong positive effect of openness on FDI and Schmitz an d Bieri (1972) obtain a weak positive link. Trade openness generally has a positive influence on the export-oriented FDI inflow into an economy (Edwards (1990), Gastanaga et al. (1998), Housmann and Fernandez-arias (2000), Asidu (2001)). In general, the empirical literature reveals that one of the important factors for attracting FDI is trade policy reform in the host country. Theoretical literature has explored the trade openness or the restrictiveness of trade policies (Bhagwati, 1973 1994 Brecher and Diaz-Alejandro, 1977 Brecher and Findley 1983). Investors in general prefer big markets to invest in and they like countries that have regional trade integration, as well as countries with greater investment provisions in their trade agreements. Theory does not give any clear-cut answer to the question how trade barriers affect the level of FDI flows. horizontal FDI tends to replace exports if the costs of market access through exports are higher than the net costs of setting up a lo cal plant and doing business in a foreign environment. Traditionally, governments have used trade barriers to induce tariff-jumping FDI, i.e. horizontal FDI that takes place to circumvent trade barriers. On the other hand, vertical FDI relies on a constant flow of intermediate products in and out of the host country and therefore benefits from a liberal trade environment. In that case, trade barriers should encourage horizontal FDI and discourage vertical FDI and its effect on the aggregate level of FDI depends on which type of FDI dominates. Empirical studies, however, support a positive effect of openness on FDI. Chakrabarti (2001) finds the sum of imports and exports as a shell out of GDP to be the variable most promising to be positively correlated with FDI besides market size in an extreme bounds analysis. Braga Nonnenberg and Cardoso de Mendonca (2004) and Addison and Heshemati (2003) similarly find this variable to be positively correlated with FDI. The problem with using trade as a share of GDP as a measure of trade policies is that it reveals a trade policy outcome, rather than trade guidelines. The openness of a market is clearly linked with the policy regulations of the potential market. Prletun (2008) finds that trade openness is positive but statistically significant from zero. Moosa (2002) states that while access to specific markets is important, domestic market factors are predictably much less relevant in export-oriented foreign firms. A range of surveys suggests a widespread perception that open economies encourage more foreign investment (Moosa, 2002).Therefore, the openness of a market is relevant to the appeal of a region. Restrictions will decrease the appeal of the region.2.2.2.3 Labour marketLabour is also a determinant for market factors concord to Majocchi and Presutti (2009), they investigated whether entrepreneurial culture plays a role in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). Multinationals are a network of distributed a ssets that contain entrepreneurial potential and are highly innovative to increase competitiveness (Rugman and Verbeke, 2001). Firms and entrepreneurs are valuable in gaining access to local knowledge. However, entrepreneurial culture may also rely on resources in the local environment, which is not mentioned in particular by Majocchi et al. (2009). In this respect, natural resources are taken for granted. The availability of a cheap workforce (particularly an educated one), personnel policy, female participation and agedness influences investment decisions and in doing so are a determinant that influences the FDI inflow. A negative effect of these determinants will lead to an increase in wages and a decline in the return of investments in the future. Due to the passive framework of this thesis, these determinants are not investigated.2.2.2.4 Economic GrowthIf the host countrys market has a high-growth rate, it attracts more investors on a long-term basis (Chen, 2007). Economic en vironment growth in a country serves underlying factors when company decide which country to enter (Erramilli 1991).The role of growth in attracting FDI has also been the subject of controversy. Charkrabarti (2001) states that the growth hypothesis developed by Lim (1983) maintains that a quickly growing economy provides relatively better opportunities for making profits than the ones growing slowly or not growing at all. Lunn (1980), Schneider and Frey (1985) and Culem (1988) find a significantly positive effect of growth on FDI, while Tsai (1994) obtains a strong support for the hypothesis over the period 1983 to 1986, but and a weak link from 1975 to 1978. On the other hand, Nigh (1985) reports a weak positive correlation for the less developed economies and a weak negative correlation for the developed countries. Gastanagaet et al. (1998) and Schneider and Frey (1985) found positive significant personal effects of growth on FDIFDI has the ability stimulate economic growth ent irely in the short run while the economy is shifting from one short-lived equilibrium to another. The notwithstanding source of long-term economic growth is technological progress, which is considered to be independent of investment activities. This factor is discussed in the next paragraph. However, in endogenous growth theory, the diminishing returns on investment can be avoided if there are positive externalities associated with investments (Oxelheim, 1996). If investment brings enough new knowledge and technologies, it can lead to long-term economic growth. As, typically, FDI brings new technologies and knowledge, in accordance with endogenous growth theory it can be viewed as a catalyst of long-term economic growth in a host economy.Economic growth will improve the ability to compete with other regions and this will increase the quality and ability of other location factors. The relevance of economic growth for FDI is not very clear it depends on the distribution of the new ca pital.The analysis above leads to four validated variables that determine the relevance of market factors (a) market size, (b) openness of the market, labour market and (c) economic growth. Market size is the completely variable that is less important. The openness of a market and the economic growth are very important, these variables are positively linked with political, infrastructural and technological factors. An open market as well as a positive economic growth will lead to more FDI in a region.2.2.3 Infrastructure TechnologicCan Assassinations Ever Be justify?Can Assassinations Ever Be Justified?Hitler- one of the most cognize names in the world even after(prenominal) 65 years. Osama bin Laden, man trusty for attacks on World Trade Centre on 11th of kinfolk 2001. Robert Mugabe- president of Zimbabwe form 1987, a very self-serving man and instead of improving living conditions in his country, he spends massive amounts of money on himself. In the world full of conflicts and tyrants, can the blackwash of one or two men make a difference? If yes, would it be warrant? If one person can change the lives of others into hell, is black lotion of him justified? If you would have a chance to kill a man in order to save millions of humans, would you do it? Is greater good the only one justification of assassinating psyche? Would killing someone not make you as evil as a person youd kill? Even with greater good, is black lotion ever justified?Assassination is widely held to symbolize a planned murder of a prominent of public figure. Its origins can be found in the Middle East. The word is derived from Arabic Hashshashin. It was uncomplimentary name given Nazri Islamis particularly those of Syria and Persia by their adversaries during Middle Ages. The Nazris have smoke-dried hashish before carrying out political killings and thats where the name comes from. Throughout narration theres tons of blackwashs and attempts, like the assassination of Arc hduke Franz Ferdinand or the assassination of Julius Caesar. The assassination of Julius Caesar is the first known assassination ever committed. He was killed by his own men on the Ides of March, at a session of the senate. He was stabbed 23 times. Marcus Junius Brutus was one of the conspirators and also a friend of Caesar. In the present day, there have been examples of assassinations and failed attempts on people such as bottom F. Kennedy, derriere Paul II, John Lennon or Olof Palme. However, a more detailed discussion of assassination is required to address the question of assassination- whether one act of evil can, in fact, be justified.Politics is usually one of the most common reasons why an individual is assassinated. There are always people who dont agree with thoughts of others. masses might have their own view on different things but it doesnt necessarily lowly that they must kill. Some assassinations such as assassination of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King are clearly unjustifiable. Martin Luther King was American activistic and prominent leader in African American civil rights movement. He was assassinated by James Earl Ray- a white man. People believe it was a conspiracy because many white leaders didnt want any black men to have civil rights. John F. Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. However he denied shooting anyone. There are lots of theories of motives for killing the president. One theory says it was the presidents plans for Vietnam that prompted his murder. The president said that Vietnam was too removed away from the United States, that South Vietnams claim to democracy was false, and that the U.S. had no business sending American troops to fight in what was really a local war. Another assassinated political figure was Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The assassination of this man basically triggered World War I. He and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914, by Gavrilo Princip, 19 at the time. It was organized b y organization called Black Hand. There was also pope, John Paul II. There was assassination attempt by Mehmed Ali Agca. According to Agca operation was commanded by the Bulgarian military Attach. Another example of political assassination is Olof Palme a Swedish politician. The murder is still unsolved and it might never be. He was a controversial politician- it could have lead to his assassination.What about the greater good? Could one act of evil be accepted if it rids the world of suffering? Would assassination on tyrant, such as Hitler be justified if it saved millions of people, which have been killed during World War II? In my opinion it would be justified and worth it even if it was only one man that could be saved. I view that someone who doesnt respect life of other people and kills millions only because of his racist and nationalist thoughts shouldnt be so lucky to live. Utilitarianism says that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its usefulness. Even if you kill someone thinking about greater good, you still are a killer. Doesnt it mean that you are as bad as he is? I dont think so, if you kill one man in order to save a life, either yours or someone elses it doesnt make you evil. It doesnt really matter who could rush of getting rid of Hitler as long as the job was make successfully.There are individuals who assassinate for reasons other than politics or religion. They may simply be deranged fame hungry individuals, such as Mark David Chapman or John Hinckley Jr. Mark David Chapman was a psychopath who killed John Lennon. He was a fan of The Beatles for years especially John Lennons. John Hinckley Jr. was a man who attempted and assassination on Ronald Reagan and match to him, he has done it to impress Jodie Foster. He was obsessed with her. It has developed since he first time watched film called Taxi Driver. I think that if those two would be never psychopaths they would never done those things. In my opinion its not really their fault. People become crazy and they never realize that they are actually obsessed. It is not maybe a justification to what theyve done but helps understand what the motives could be.What about the world today? How could suffering be assuage now? Is assassination the answer? Would it be better if Robert Mugabe was assassinated? Would it make a difference now- when he has been president of Zimbabwe since 1987? He has not long to live because of his age but I think it would be worth to save people today and not tomorrow. Lots of those people can no longer live to see tomorrow. Mugabe is a selfish man who was ruining country for years and it should be changed. The global superpowers should become more interested and should deal with him as fast as possible. What about Osama bin Laden another terrorist? Is he also the case? He was responsible for attacks on World Trade Centre on 11th of September 2001. However there have been rumors that it was actually done by U.S. Osama bin Lade ns whereabouts are unknown. Although he might fight for something he considers to as a right thing, he is a terrorist and he must pay for what hes done. In my opinion those people could be assassinated because there could not be any other ways for improving the situation. If the death of two men will save thousands of lives worldwide, I think it is enough of a justification.In conclusion, I think that greater good is maybe not the only one, but just now, I cannot see any other as much important justifications for assassinations. In every country on priming coat there are people that are selfish and are making hell of other peoples lives, but not everyone of those are cases for assassination. Even though there is a lot of evil, assassination is not always the solution, even if suffering of many will be alleviated for a while because of death of a tyrant, you never know who will come after him.

Friday, March 29, 2019

History of Communism Containment

History of communism ContainmentAfter the Second introduction state of war, the United States began seeing an expanding upon of socialism into east Europe and want to stop the spread of communism by adopting a policy of containment. The U.S and chairman Truman saw the Soviet yoke to be a serious little terror to the free world and as a impart, they were about to enter a new kind of war the Cold warfare.After defeating Germ tout ensemble during World War II, most of Europe and Asia lay in ruins, and on the horizon a new threat appeared, communism. Even though the U.S. and the Soviet league were affiliate during World War II, they both emerged from the war as global powers, with differences on their perspectives of the world. Both nations were competing with each other economicall(a)y and militarily and where in at an impasse. The U.S. was the richest coun seek in the world and it promoted democracy and capitalism, while the Soviets thought communism was a better (politic al system because it transformed their economy and status in the world from nothing but a declining empire to a super power once again) (StudyWorld). By 1947, relations between the two countries had low-toned down completely. President Truman took decisive steps to contain Soviet expansion in regions in which the U.S. had vital interests.With the takeover of Greece and Turkey by a Soviet backed guerilla movement, this was the first sign of commie intrusion that forced the U.S. to react. In March 1947, Truman decided to (draw a line in the sand)(US History)by asking relation to appropriate $400 million for these two nations to process them in the form of military and economic assistance. The Truman Doctrine came about as direfulct result of the Soviet aggression and was basically an (open pact to any group willing to stand against communism, guaranteeing them military and financial aid)(US Dept of State). This is also the showtime of an embarrassing an unprecedented series of f oreign policy blunders on the map of the U.S. The Truman Doctrine would later be used to only whenify shady actions in Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba. The second step in containment was the Marshall Plan, which provided economic relief to the build of Western European nations such as Great Britain, France, Belgium and even Germany. By boosting these economies, the U.S. ensured that (communism would not rise in any of these countries from a weak economy)(Studynotes). four-spot years later, not only were the Western European industries producing twice the bar that they had before war broke out, but the U.S. saw a postwar economic boom with record levels of trade. At first the U.S. Congress wasnt in favor of the proposed plan, but following a coup by communist in Czechoslovakia, they approved it.An official alliance with other nations that opposed communism came to be after the coup in Czechoslovakia. In April 1949, NATO (North Atlantic pact Organization) was founded. The countries a greed that they would (stand by each other as one, and any ardour on a member of the alliance is an attack on all)(US Dept of State). At the time, this was a great idea hard to prevent communism from victorious over the world. But as time went by, we have come to unclutter that as a part of NATO, the U.S. is the majority partner, and is becoming the worlds police and major contributor of the funds for these efforts. I think that the U.S. needs to withdraw from NATO and try and get the U.S. back to status of the worlds super power. We dont have the funds to chemical bond out the rest of the world, when our own economy is in such dire straits.Being a member of NATO, provides a death chairial loophole for military interpellation by America in any foreign struggle without Congress declaring war, which is a bad idea. All this did was force the Soviet compass north to shrink its muscles and in 1955, it formed an alliance, known as the Warsaw Pact, with other Eastern European nat ions, such as Poland, Bulgaria, E. Germany, and Romania. Now, these countries are (no more than puppet nations held by the Grand Puppeteer, Russia)(Pieper). In one deplorable swoop the Soviet Union (gained almost as much land as Napoleon or Hitler but without a war)(US History). Americas idea of a united effort at the containment of Communism had exponential grown into a united expansion of communism, just the opposite effect the U.S. was trying to accomplish.After World War II, redrawing of boundaries all over the world came about. Korea, who was conquered by Japan during the war, was divided at the thirty-eighth parallel, and the northern part of the country was given to the Soviet Union and the grey half to the U.S. In 1950, the Soviets left N. Korea leaving a communist administration behind. That government activity, funded and equipped by China, invaded S. Korea. The United Nations, light-emitting diode, of course, by the United States, (raised an phalanx to renew peace a nd expel the aggressors)(Pieper). The U.S. established a cease-fire zone, but not before the victory changed hands twice and lasted three years. Some mightiness say that (communism in this case was successfully contained but with the sack of 53,000 American lives in a fruitless attempt to topple a regime is hardly a victory)(US Dept of State). other failure of containment by the United States would be in Vietnam. After the fighting with France ended in 1954, Vietnam was split in two like Korea, North Vietnam being Communist and South Vietnam led by the Vietnamese who supported the French. In 1963, the South Vietnamese leader was assassinated, and the U.S. sent over American troops to support the non-Communist regime, while in accordance with the Truman Doctrine. The resulting struggle would prove to be (the most agonizing and yearn defeat of the American military in history)(StudyWorld). Two elements of the U.Ss failure of Vietnam were trying to win a traditional war in a guer illa setting and not having full support of the U.S. people. This resulted in a loss of 68,000 U.S. soldiers and over 400,000 South Vietnamese. The U.S. started withdrawing troops in 1973, but by 1976, all of Vietnam came under communist rule, proving once again that containment didnt work.Even after the Korean War and the creation of the Warsaw Pact, the expansion of communism was not over. In 1959, a rag-tag band of guerillas overtook the government of Cuba and it fell under Fidel Castros regime. The U.S. was unwilling or unprepared to stop this, either for fear of judgment from the international company or of the (shortsightedness caused by a general distaste for Cubas previous government)(Nuclearfiles). This would later come back to haunt them, in both the Bay of Pigs drubbing and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Realizing the problem that Castro could cause, the U.S. planned a literal stew of the Truman Doctrine. President Kennedy order the execution of The Bay of Pigs operation a nd in April 1961, 1500 Cuban exiles landed in the Bay of Pigs. American air support never arrived and the plan backfired and all of the exiles were gunned down mercilessly. Again containment was once again dashed.A year later was probably the scariest moment of the Cold War. The Soviet Union made a deal with Castro to place nuclear missiles on Cuba and those missiles gave the Soviets a chance to hit U.S. soil without an air offensive. The range of those missiles was 3000 miles, which could demolish the tout ensemble eastern seaboard. After a U2 flight over Cuba, President Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba and stated that any further attempts to arm Cuba would result in an act of war. The Soviets backed down and removed the silos from Cuba. It was found later, that Russias president made a secret deal with the U.S. agreeing to remove the missiles from Cuba if the U.S. would remove missiles from Turkey. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a (propaganda victory for the U.S. and an undisclos ed blow to containment)(Nuclearfiles).Even though 1989 marked the end of the Cold War, some say that since the Soviet Union ultimately fell, the policy of containment was successful. I think this is wrong. The Soviet Union fell under its own weight the countries expenditures were huge. They had a very large army to support and the cost of such a large country could not be sustained, leaving them no choose but to declare bankruptcy. Another symbol of the U.S. failures to contain communism, is that the nations under the Soviet bloc remain to this day Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba, and China are still completely Communist nations. non only was American (containment in the height of the Cold War a failure)(US History), those failures can still be seen to this day. And if the U.S. isnt careful, we too could come under communist rule due to our astronomical debt in which China holds the note.Works Citied Containment of CommunismNuclearfiles.org. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. 1998-2012. Web . 5 Nov 12Pieper, Moritz. Containment and the Cold War Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions. Student Pulse. 2012. Web. 5 Nov 12.Studynotes.org. 2008. Web. 5 Nov 12.Studyworld.com. Oakwood Mgt. 1996-2012. Web. 5 Nov 12.U.S. segment of State. Office of the Historian. US Department of State. Web. 6 Nov 12.USHistory.org. Containment and the Marshall Plan. Hall Assoc. 2008-2012. Web. 5 Nov 12

Ascension Of Jesus Christ Theology Religion Essay

rebellion Of deliverer savior Theology Religion EssayThe conjure upion and uprising of saviour has remained a mystery to my belief. There has never been a reoccurrence in my invigoration time and throughout history. People t block off to wonder how a human who was really dead and was buried shtup dress sticker to liveliness. The burials that own place in our communities result in the decomposition of the clay. In areas, homogeneous Malawi villages, where technology is non advanced burials are immedi ingest. A delay in burial for about two to three solar days in a village set up without the cooling system makes the consistence starts to decay. Therefore, it is a hard thing to retrieve that a person came second to life on a third day. The idea is charge complicated when it is verbalise that the resurrected person went up to heaven. In secondary school we learn the laws of gravity. If you perplex something up it falls back. It is a detail that people do non fly b ecause they baffle no wings. This paper wishes to establish why Christians believe in the tangible resurrection and ascension of savior. Establishing the earth of resurrection and ascension of deliin truth boy bequeath strength believe and resolve the mystery.Summary of Grudems ViewsGrudem (2000) asserted that when deliverer came back to life from the dead his body was in forcible form. He verbalise that deliveryman experience was opposite from that of Lazarus as it is record in the disk of John. He affirmed that Lazarus resurrection was subject of fleshly developments which lead to aging and death. consort to him rescuer resurrection is non subject of biological development, (Grudem, 2000).Contrary to Harris views (as cited by Grudem 2000) Grudem (2000) refuted the fact that deliverer resurrected body had life-timeual aspects which enabled him not to observe physical laws. Harris argued that deliveryman spiritual body enabled him to pass through the wall and perfor m beat appearances and disappearances. Grudem affirmed that the impudent Testament does not foolm to assert that. He argued that when Jesus resurrected his body was physical because he could eat, prepare breakfast and be take ton. He quoted Jesus himself in Luke 2439 confirming his physical being by telling his disciples, see my hands and my feet that it is I myself address me and see for a spirit has not flesh and bones as you see I feature,(Grudem, 2000, p. 613).Grudem (2000) insisted that Jesus could not have deceived the disciples. He utter that if Jesus had treasured to prove that he had a spiritual body he could have clearly demonstrated it to his followers. In line with this, he maintaind that the disciples could have clearly recorded it to give evidence for his spiritual body. He overly argued that when Jesus ascended to heaven the angels confirmed about his physical aver by telling those who witnessed his departure that he result come back in the same physical state he went to heaven. He stated that Jesus resurrected body set precedence to the kind of state which people would acquire in the next life, (Grudem, 2000).Grudem (2000) stated that the resurrection empowered the believers of Jesus. He pointed out that Jesus promised his followers the power of the Holy Spirit alone after the resurrection. He argued that the believers were given the ability to overcome sin in their lives and effectively serve him. He made reference to Pauls substance that perfection made us right with him through the resurrection, (2000).In regard to the ascension of Jesus Grudem (2000) affirmed that it is an indication that he went somewhere to a place. He argued that in that respect should be a place called heaven where Jesus went in his physical body. He stated that even though we do not see where he went it does not nullify the fact that there is heaven. He said that just as angels are invisible although they are roughly us so withal is heaven. He cites an example of Elisha as recorded in the Old Testament that when God sent him the chariots of soldiers his servant could not see them. He said that our eyes cannot locate heaven entirely Jesus went up and Elijah too went there. He considers Jesus ascension critical because it is a sign that we too shall ascend to heaven. He confirmed this with Jesuss promise that there is a lot of place in heaven and we too shall go where he has gone, (Grudem, 2000).Leading ViewsIn his book The Case for Christ A Journalists Personal Investigation of the Evidence to Jesus, Strobel (1998) supported the reality of Jesus death and resurrection based on audiences with experts in medicine and history. He realised that Jesus really died according to the doctor. The doctor said that Jesus could not have survived the trauma and the harsh treatment. He argued that the broad(prenominal)school degree of mark that Jesus experienced made his body tender. He added that in this state when he was subjected to severe Roman whipping his body had severe disunite and loss of blood. He stated that this disap prove those who claim that the resurrection was just resuscitation. In his oppugn the historian argued that there was no delegacy the soldiers could have walked free without punishment. He argued that considering the kind of punishment which was in practice for such an office what the high priests and the Roman officials did revealed a foul play. He confirmed it with reliable infotainment that Jesus resurrected. He stated that Jesus showed himself too at different times to many people and the largest group was 5000 people, (Strobel, 1998).Mcdowell (1981) and Lutzer (1994) supported the diachronic resurrection of Jesus. They argued that historical evidence like the Dead Sea scrolls and history from historians like Josephus proved that Jesus really resurrected. They said these validate the historical reliability of the New Testament which also has the shortest gap between its copies an d the originals. They highlighted the reluctance showed by the high priests and the Roman officials to punish the tomb guards. They said that the guards action to have purportedly allowed the escape of criminal or robbery of the body was a thoughtful case punishable by death. (Mcdowell, 1981 and Lutzer, 1994).Interestingly enough, Mcdowell (1981) in holdment with Grudem, report that Jesus resurrection was physical not spiritual. He refuted the claim that Jesus body decayed and came back to life a spiritual being. He argued that Jesus physically appeared before many people both offensive and friendly. He affirmed that these could have refuted the reports as they were written while most of them were cool off alive. He stated that both hostile and supporting community authorise the accuracy of the New Testament report, (Mcdowell, 1981).Alternative ViewsHumel (1975) and Kaufman (1968) argued that Jesus did not resurrect but the disciples had visions and hallucinations. Hemel state d that the disciples experienced the aftermaths of the dilemma of losing Jesus. He argued that they resolved the dilemma by the imagination of a ghost so they hallucinated due to their memories of Jesus. succession Kaufman argued that the disciples experienced public visions about Jesus in his Jesus came back to life in a spiritual body. They both argued that the resurrection was the explanation of the believers experiences not the reality of events, (Humel, 1975 and Kaufman, 1968).Harris (1990) partially agreed with them as he argued that Jesus go up into a spiritual body that could materialize for some time to be seen. He stated that Jesus body did not observe the physical barriers like walls for a building. He think that the fact that Jesus could be found standing instantly amidst the people it indicated that he was a spirit (Harris, 1990).Crossam (as recorded by Boyd, 1984) asserted that as Jesus was killed like a criminal he was buried in a shallow bundle grave according t o the custom of the day. He argued that wild dogs usually ate the bodies so Jesus body was also eaten. He stated that Jesus followers had no idea where he was buried and what came of his body. He concluded that since Jesus was their hero they distinct to portray a victorious end of his life by inventing characters life Joseph of Arimathea and the resurrection, (Boyd, 1984).Personal ViewsJesus really resurrected into a physical body as verified by scriptures. I agree with the views of physical resurrection because of the reliability of scripture. The scripture recorded Jesus himself in Luke 2439 saying see my hands and my feet that it is I myself handle me and see for a spirit has not flesh and bones as you see I have. Therefore, if Jesus himself confirmed his physical resurrection and the scripture recorded it thusly it is historically validated that he had physical resurrection.The fact that Jesus appeared to a large numbers of people verifies his physical body. I disagree with H umel (1975) and Kaufman (1968) who argues that the followers of Jesus either saw visions or hallucinated respectively. It is difficult to believe if visions or hallucinations can be experienced by a group at the same time about the same thing. This is impossible. Spiritual experiences are personal. As a result there was no way for instance, the 11 disciples or the 5000 people could see the vision or hallucinate about Jesus at the same time.The gospels recorded that the ascension took place in the presence of his disciples and other people. In line with this, it can be argued that Jesus was physically present with them on the day of the ascension. Acts 111recorded the two angels message to those who witnessed the ascension. They said that Jesus will come back from heaven the way he has gone.I agree with Strobel (1998) who is a journalist by profession. His interview with the medical personnel revealed how impossible it was for Jesus to fake his death as some claim. The spear through his heart could definitely finish him if he had faked it or just fainted. Strobel gives us a scientific explanation of the reality about the death of Jesus. For those who rely on history he also verified Jesus death, resurrection and ascension based on the historical events. Therefore, even if one does not believe in the bible he can base his trust on the evidence of the medical and historical cultivation available. These experts help us to clear the doubt whether Jesus died and resurrected or he just fainted and was resuscitated.It has to be noted that the community in which Jesus lived not everyone agreed or supported him. There were other people who wanted his down fall. These people could have really tried to refute the actual claims made by his followers. The silence of the then hostile community reveals the stiffness of the claims of the believers.In support of Mcdowells (1981) and Lutzers (1994) suspicion I agree with them. If a very serious crime is committed no one is wi lling to sulk it unless there is some benefit in doing so. Therefore, it puzzles me too to hear that in such a serious and sensitive mistake made by the guards the high priests who were the interested party never reacted. The Roman officials too decided to overlook their laws. It is surprising that somebody would chose to cover up an enemy. This clearly shows that Jesus was raised. They could not disprove it by producing a body. I understand that they could suffer to fabricate a lie.ConclusionThe resurrection of Jesus is the essence of the Christian religion while ascension gives us hope. If there would have been no resurrection there would have been no basis for Christianity. In line with this those who are hostile to Christianity will always try to find something to fault Christianity. Opposition will always be there but a Christian should have a footing for his or her belief. If someone tells you that Jesus body was smelly or eaten by wild dogs there should be an explanation to your stand. As our teacher Professor Stauffcher always say that we should have a reason why we believe what we believe so that we can answer when critics lay out us. Ascension gives us hope for the promised heaven. In John 141-4 Jesus said that there are many rooms in heaven. He tells us that if there was no place he would not have bothered to tell us. Therefore, ascension gives us hope that one day we will also ascend to heaven and be with Jesus and the Father.