Human Motivation Essay

On page 227 of your text you entrust find Figure 8-6. let cardinal scenarios for two different supposed(p) community showing the two realizable come oncomes, two possible paths for the a similar frustrated need. Summarize the two, comparing and contrasting the experiences in the scenarios. Create a box table for each with summaries for each. Then, provide, in paragraph format, an explicit definition of similarities and differences. Each table should guide two explanations a coarse with descriptions and references to your text and/or some otherwise readings. Cite exclusively references following correct APA agency (5th edition).             In rationaliseing the manner of nation, we start our description with reference to whatsoever genial of alive(p) driving staff office the somebody seeks, the individualistic wants, the individual apprehensions. Various psychologists delimit motivation, in other words, as the drivin g force behind our doings (Atkinson, et al. 1983). Smith, et al. labels their discussion on motivation as the why of behavior (1982). Why does the tardy student in mathematics spend the rest of the period of clip outside instead of inside the mathematics classroom? Emotions or soaked feelings usually accomp whatever motivated behavior.  Often, emotions direct behavior toward goals (Atkinson, et al. 1983). This paper before long describes and let offs the origin/ca ingestions, and distinction of motivation and different scenarios linking motivation and other concepts.            Motives, gibe to Marx, originate either from a biological or a physiologic source, or from an environmental go. A motive whitethorn arise from a biological need for food or water which volition bm an individual to seek food when hungry or drink when thirsty. The tissues of the world body need these to function continuously. It lead cease to live with out capable nourishment. The hormonal sub lieus in the blood which conductivate true decompose of the neural system be other biological sources, for instance, the sex drive which is collectible to the presence of horm peerlesss secreted by the reproductive glands, the ovaries (in the female), and the testes present in the male (1976).            Moreover, motives whitethorn to a fault be cause by environmental influence. We react strongly to complaisant acceptance so we want to acquire an appliance or any other thing that we see in others especially if we finish grant them. Companies offering high salaries attract employees from other firms that give low salary (Atkinson, et al. 1983).            A predominant view is that kind motivation comes from either a small number of staple urges or even one basic urge and that all aspire for family prestige, social status, and security (Morr is and Maisto, 1999, p. 315).Internal and external Classification of demand            psychology recognizes different perspectives of motivation. One of these view forecasts pertains to the idea of motivational inducements, otherwise known as fillips. Incentives be referenced from either the costly point of internal, or that of external motivation. An inducement coming from within the individual is chew the fated intrinsic or internal motivation. It is, fit to Morris and Maisto, closely the . . . desire to transact a behavior that originates within the individual. An inducement coming from outside the individual is called external or extrinsic motivation. It is the aspiration to do or come across a goal in order to acquire a flake of incentives or escape or steer clear of punishment (Morris and Maisto, 1999, p.316).Children argon often induced by the presence of external incentives to perform judge tasks or avoid incurring punishment. For motivation experts, however, a somebody ontogeny the internal type of motivation get out reap more(prenominal)(prenominal) constant and beneficial effects compared with external motivation (1999). To induce a squirt to do what the parents ask for by self-assurance of rewards or scourges are at times less constructive or even detrimental to the overall performance of the person or sister.Fear is a strong dowery of forgiving motivation. Explain the numerous roles of tutelage in both positivistic and negative impact situations on human motivation you fo under canvas this term. Be particularized and cite all references in correct APA trend (5th edition). Create real-life ex angstromles for each role of solicitude to support your position(s). Develop your scenarios to implicate the application of speculation. Thoroughly develop your scenario.             Fear is defined as a distressing emotion aroused by i mpending risk of exposure, evil or pain a specific instance of or propensity for veneration fretfulness or anxiety, solicitude (Random House Websters Dictionary, 4th Ed.). Where fear is concerned, though it is deemed as a negative emotional state by more, life pass on become unreal. This paper willinging try to formulate why fear is essential to an individuals healthy outlook. slowness on the polarities of this particular affect, one will see the necessity of this kind of emotion which is attended by the bodys amygdala.Although social psychological science literature is extensive, on that point are yet inconclusive evidences as to how fear actually mould towards its verificatory effect. Volumes of literature attest to both positive and negative effects of fear especially in its role to convince. Because of this, it is really important that one examines the specific instances where fear can be tell to be effective in positive manner as darling as in a negative way. The following scenarios will, at the least, ornament where fear is helpful, and where it is detrimental or destructive.            In the national of anti-nuclear recruiting to raise concern on a possible nuclear holocaust, it is said that the matter about nuclear use is so prevalent these days that common deal, when presented with the threat of its use, tend to shrug off the idea and need to be convinced(p) of the d enkindle it poses (Sandman & Valenti, 1986). Why the indifference?  Inspite of the campaigns of nuclear Armageddon, the majority of people still seemed to be apathetic about any threat at all. Perhaps, according to studies, people already get beyond fear to numbness. In the study by Sandman and Valenti, the authors said that this has something to do with what they termed as in all likelihood feature versus horrible consequence.They cited as an example the success of drunken driving campaigns collectable to the l ikelihood of losing ones drivers license kinda than losing a life (which is an instance of horrible consequence). How is this so? These authors said that to terrorise a person who is already afraid will be of no use to that person. The likelihood of a horrible consequence, probably to practiced about people, is non that immediate. The common response is apathy. So the best approach to this situation according to Sandman and Valenti is reassurance-the reinforcement of what they call the cardinal antidotes namely, anger, hope, love and meet.This implies simply that fear in this instance is negative in effect. Fear has to be reduced when it comes to scenarios like recruiting people to take up commitment and/or advocacy towards certain important matters of concern like the threat of nuclear war.  To sustain the cause, the four aforementioned agenda will be the likely steps taken rather than inducing fear or terrorizing the terrorized with more terror (Sandman & Valenti, 19 86).            It is withal maintained that fear is indispensable and a fact of life. If on the noseice be told, more often, studies would show its efficacy in persuading people to action or to some to change their minds on something or someone. This happens to political campaigns where some PR managers become household names also due to their dexterity to introduce a virtually unknown person and catapult them to nonoriety. This may entail a positive or negative implication, depending on the perceptions of people and the motives or machinations of those wanting to be in the lime set out. How will fear address be very effective and its use in persuasive intercourse be ethically and morally unspoilt or justified? hither is a scenario a certain school whose graduating class of 29 students filed a complaint on one of its faculty, citing misconduct unbecoming of someone in authority on the basis of corruption.They submitted a detailed account of what transpired during a semester with this certain professor in their part. When confronted with the dean regarding the response made by the professor, and the possibility of court cases filed against the whole class, the students decided to draw off a abjuration of their complaints. Their lame excuse was that given their navet or inexperience, the college and the regime (including the accused professor) then investigating them, should look into the charges they made against the professor as mere questions in need of answers and non as accusatory gestures that are morally and professionally damaging to the concerned professor. They have decided to pull in, corporately, because their advisor enlightened them of the repercussions of their written complaint (i.e., possible non- step, and a host of other possible consequences).This is a picture of an effective fear appeal. Their retraction did non mean they have changed their prejudiced mind against the professor, ra ther, their immediate concern is their graduation which is barely two months away, and the possibility of a smeared reputation when time comes they will be applying for work. This illustration gives an example of the kind of fear appeal where the symbolize feign (Das, 2001) is applied. The students in the illustration responded to this appeal positively, although it was only short term. They responded positively because they had their graduation in mind which is upcoming.            As Enny Das states it, human beings act the way they do because of underlying motivations (Das, 2001). Fear is an important factor in the way people act and decide. In the first scenario, fear is visualised as negative in effect to certain cases such as anti nuclear campaigns recruitment. According to social scientists, there are behavioral and attitudinal changes that work temporarily and others permanently or in a large length of time. Where the first sc enario is concerned, advocates for the awareness of anti-nuclear holocaust and recruitment of activists for their cause have this business before them how to convince people from their numbness to action and outride on with it.As Sandman and Valenti proposed it, the procedures they advocated, instead of high dose of fear, a good measure of reassurance ground on anger, love, hope and action, (4 antidotes of numbness) should be followed (Sandman, Valenti, 1986). This makes sense according to the Dual-process model, where it is postulated that systematic processing of a persuasive pass will result in more stable attitudes, intentions, and behavior (Das, 2001). However, people should perceive a certain degree of possible threat/danger if they are to process the information systematically and hence, maintain a long term co pin go throughg of that threat/danger.            The second scenario is best explained based on the Stage model of fe ar appeals. It assumes that individuals process the information on a heuristic processing of subsequently presented recommendation which is predictably less fixed in a period of time (Das, 2001). Considering that the second scenario, referring to their decision to retract from their complaints only because of an impending graduation which is threatened by the case they filed on the alleged professor, is actually a very unstable decision, and pull inably will only weaken in the passing of time (Das, 2001).            The study of fear and its effects continue to arrest curiosity and interest as good as confusion. There needs to be more studies to discover how the concomitant of attitude and behavioral changes where fear appeals are concerned, affects decision devising whether positively, to the advantage of the individual, or negatively, to the detriment or disadvantages of the one paralyzed by fear. It is false that scenarios like th ese will continue to attract both enthusiasts and experts alike in the study of behavior.Explain the role of learning in human motivation. Provide at least three (3) examples that specifically tie learning to human motivation and the reduction of stress, improved happiness, and self-esteem. (Three separate scenarios.) Your explanation should be good developed and the examples should be specific. Cite all references in correct APA style (5th edition).             Motivation is behind every behavior. The principle of cause-effect is apparent in the study of motivation and behavior motivation is the cause or the why, and behavior is the effect. Thus it is motivation that gives direction and thrust to our behavior. Without motivation, behavior may not occur (Halonen and Santrock, 1999).            A common family friend one day told me she cute my advice, whether shell break up with her boyfriend o r stay on with him and reside for him to change. Her problem was that whenever they disagree or press out, her boyfriend (well call him Raymond) ends up pinching her to the point that he was actually physically hurting her. It is something very interesting to regain about because of all things that a man would do to his sweet centre, pinching her seems strange and extraordinary. I couldnt help asking her why Raymond is that way. What are the forces behind this plainly love and hate relationship? What drives Raymond to do this precise act towards his daughter? Did he learn it or is it innate?            Psychology seeks to understand human behavior with the following 4 or 5 goals in mind. These are description, explanation, prediction, control, and improvement (Atkinson et al, 2000). Analyzing the given scenario with my friend, I just was able to describe the impression and the occasions that led him to do it. However, it does not suf fice to say that just because he is hurt in some ways by his young woman that he would resort to doing such a thing as pinching. It would be a lot clearer if we start to examine his behavior in the light of possible reasons basing on the need theory and the learning theory (Halonen and Santrock, 1999).1.      learn Theory             A need is defined as a specific state within the organism that may activate behavior to see the need they are often related to the depletion of essential body substances a state or condition which indicates the lack or something vital or desired which the organism will strive to obtain it can also mean the existence of an unpleasant condition, which has to be relieved or eliminated.            In the case of Raymond, his pinching behavior can be interpreted as his way of relieving or eliminating an unpleasant feeling or condition (i.e. he has a nger management problem that he couldnt guide his emotions to a more benign and less destructive manner), that unless he gets it off his system, a more violent reaction might occur, so the pinching is for him so minor, that he can do it anytime to his girlfriend. Usually, in cases like Raymonds behavior, the individual does not occupy the skills in channeling strong and powerful emotions and communicating such in the right manner.2.      Learning Theory Observational or Social Learning             To explain Raymonds behavior, I will start by elaborating on the theory by Bandura and alongside illustrating and illuminating the behavior of the pinching individual.            Social learning theoriser Albert Bandura has run experiments that show we acquire operants by observing the behavior of others. We may need some practice to refine the skills we acquire by observation. We may choose to allow these skills to lie latent. For example, we may not imitate vulturous behavior unless we are provoked and believe that we are more likely to be rewarded than punished for it. Observational learning may account for most human learning. It is not mechanically acquired through reinforcement. We can learn by observation without engaging in overt responses at all. It appears sufficient to contribute attention to the behavior of others. To explain how this occurs, Bandura suggests that four mental processes must be in operation these processes are necessity for observation learning (Bandura, 1986).            Attention. The commentator must pay attention to what the model says or does.In all likelihood, Raymond may have spent his younger days in the give and example of a mother who actually specifically would pinch him whenever he misbehaves. belike, those old age were for him troublesome, knowing that a mother oftent imes displays this behavior or act out of sheer frustration, at times not because the child actually misbehaves. He was probably doing what every normal child would do that time. His mother could have been laden with so many things to do and lacked the labor or time to understand the needs of her children (Bandura, 1986).            Memory. The observer must investment trust or remember the information so that it can be retrieved and used later. In Raymonds case, because he practically grew up in the proscenium wall strings of his mother, its not surprising that he would manifest many characteristics of his mother. Raymonds memory would necessarily be traced back to the years he had experienced under her (Bandura, 1986).            Imitation. The observer must be able to use the remembered information to guide his or her own actions and thus imitate the models behavior. Although Raymond has no w a choice over his acts whenever he felt up provoked, he seemed tied to the responses his mother made years ago, thus displaying the alike behavior (Bandura, 1986).            Motivation. The observer must have some reason, reinforcement, or incentive to perform the models behaviors. Raymond must probably feel that the pinching is excusable and quite normal because that was what hed experienced with his mother. When he felt being provoked by the girlfriend, the physical reaction could have been a natural consequence to him (Bandura, 1986).            The major theories presented here have helped us understand the kind of behavior that the person in the scenario was doing towards the girl. Theories have their way of making us comprehend things, situations and behavior better. Because of this, we are able to make necessary adjustments, and lessen potential conflicts at the very least. It allow s us also the fortune to gain insights on the way people behave, what makes them tick, or what sets them off.A happen upon element in Human Motivation involves ones cogency apply existing knowledge to a problem. We call this creativity. Your text actually provides a process of creativity. Your task is to Delineate a real-life problem associated with your work or something you have experienced. You must define this problem completely. Make yourself a disinterested observer and omit no detail. Synthesize the data. DeBono (1970, 1987) terms this process purpose redundancies and calls it lateral thinking. You are going to identify patterns in your scenario. This is the heart of the original process. Then, you will suspend judgment leave your opinions of the situation out of the process. Think of this as a game and devise at least three (3) options for your scenario. Last, explain how motivation is linked in each of the options.           &nbs p  The real-life problem that is to be explored here has something to do with two colleagues who play serious parts or roles in the energisings of office work. Their mutual animosity has exceeded civility that it has engulfed us their co-workers, and even each of our respective families. Whenever they are around, all of us have to make sure that no favoritism is shown to any. Nevertheless, it is precisely this stance that further places the rest of us in trouble. One of the antagonists, lets call him troy weight the Rat, is the senior of the rest of us who are in this segment. His archenemy, whom he name-calls as the trying-hard to look like tough guy, we call Bart. Bart is not your typical officemate also. He is not the very plainspoken and gregarious, happy-go-lucky person nor the touchy type. But he knows malice if he meets one. Their problem is already more than ten years old. They have had their first series of encounters that ended up in lawsuit. Their relationship di dnt improve, expectedly, afterwards that period. This time around, the matter between them was revived and had escalated with another series of lawsuits. I was caught in the middle of this conflict as much as the others in the department. troy weight the rat precious us to take his side to pin Bart down saying that the latter was a malicious person bent on destroying a reputable colleague whose work and influence had made contributions though not as much as that of Troy. Bart, on the other hand, was knowledgeable about the manipulations and tongue wagging unimaginable in the host that Troy had been doing all these years to put Bart outside the group, or the inner circle in the institution where he had been first. In my judgment, though Bart had lapses of his own, I have not encountered nor observed him as a person who had as much malevolence as Troy. Both had wanted anyone of us in the department to sympathize and rally to either of their causes, and overtly, not one of us showed to the rest of the institution that we had taken sides. However, privately, we had our sympathies for Bart because his wrench is not that extensive as Troy Barts fight was just almost always to defend himself in the wake of the accusations that Troy had tried to hurl against him.Synthesize the data. DeBono (as cited in Franken, 2007) terms this process finding redundancies and calls it lateral thinking. You are going to identify patterns in your scenario. This is the heart of the creative process.            The whole scenario with Troy, Bart and the rest of us in the department entangled in the dispute reached its peak just a few months ago. Recently, Troy because of his belief that we were not deeply supportive of him, accused the whole department of conspiracy against him. Although he had the appearance of respectability, Troy however, is a very good actor, who plays his part well. Because his accusation of conspiracy was not effecti ve, he tried other ways. Through text messages and sarcasm he began to intimidate each of us personally and privately. He somehow managed to know some important flesh out or weaknesses in each of us to weaken us down. Members of our department were at our lowest point in the working relationship and morale within the work. It was a very difficult time.            The problem with these two colleagues did not just start with any one of them as individuals although their idiosyncrasies and even their personal, family or private lives are for sure crucial factors in the dynamics of office work. Looking at the whole dilemma from start to the more upstart clashes, Troy and Barts conflict which now involved us, was firstly, a leadership responsibility. If then, during the primordial times that those who oversee the department had keen reasonableness of peoples behavioral inclinations or types, who cared enough to address the early signs o f trouble that arises in a specific workplace, and had the decisive facility to subvert certain boundaries and discipline either or both of them and those involved then, this was surely a thing of the past. What the person (Troy or Bart) was certainly has bearing in whatever will continue to develop in future relationships, responsibilities, and possible frictions that normally are present in any work setting.Then, you will suspend judgment leave your opinions of the situation out of the process. Think of this as a game and devise at least three (3) options for your scenario. go over both Troy and Bart. Impose sanctions for the way the conflict between them had been allowed to escalate. Probably suggest suspension, leave of absence for a definite period of time so the whole office can breathe.Because I am not the department head, a meeting is to occur (or a series of meetings) just for the sole purpose of brainstorming on the viable alternatives to restore the two to a more civil relationship. If they will not acquiesce to what will be decided by the group, then everyone in the department will make a resolution to recommend the two for further investigation by the institutions disciplinary council and even propose their release should they not accede to the department/institutions guidelines or decisions. convey them to fight their battles between them because they are adults and can fend for each of themselves. Last, explain how motivation is linked in each of the options.The implications for option one is that when there is outright or decisive action to make the two answerable for the fiasco will provide a sharp curb to their on-going hostility. In understanding human nature, when a persons egotism is touched with matters that the case between Troy and Bart will be exposed as behaving like children and needed to be out rightly disciplined, it will unmask their vulnerability to societys approval and disapproval. This is based on Affiliation motive, and what they will lose is Esprit de corps-the feeling of being part of a sympathetic group, only this time, not just one of them will stand lose it, but the both of them (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.318)This has something to do with Maslows hierarchy of needs. What will happen here is to make the threat of losing years of hard work and establishment of a career in one institution to end up in disgrace because then, the two should have been dismissed for the trouble they brought to the whole department. In Maslows theory, if everything that mattered to any of them is pulled under them, then they will think deep with how they will have to make compromises in order that their source of livelihood (Maslows first train Physiological needs) will be at stake. Secondly, when their sense of esteem is also threatened, then they will be pushed to think through with pulling down not only each other, but also the others in the workplace (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.317)A sense of acceptance for m any pervades whenever clashes between people who seemed to be influential, quite strong and resistive to advices, and who have made up their minds as to the recourse they were taking. It is to understand that people have what psychology calls as Aggression motive. Some experts on human behavior look at this particular trait or behavior as an inherent force within people that is intended to be redirected to more positive or beneficial outcomes (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.319)Conclusion            Essentially, the role of motivation in a persons life is crucial to the understanding of human activities. Motivation is never static because in life, there always presents a dynamic and changing pattern of needs. 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