Australian Prime Ministers-Sir John Kerr Essay Example for Free

Australian tip Ministers-Sir John Kerr EssaySir John Kerr was an eminent lawyer. He was the thirteenth Chief arbitrator of the Supreme Court of New South Wales and the 18th Governor-General. He is best know for being the contentious encipher at the centre of the cast awayal of the Labor political relation of Gough Whitlam on 11 November 1975, an emergence which sparked the most significant complete crisis in Australian history. On that day Kerr dismissed Prime Minister Whitlam and appointed Malcolm Fraser to form a c ar dispatchr government, pending elections. The dismissal was the most dramatic event in the history of Australian federal politics. For the first time since Federation, the unelected representative of the Queen had removed a government which commanded a majority in the augury of Representatives. The Dismissal, as it is known, remains a highly controversial event in Australian political history. Kerr was born in 1914 in Balmain, a then working-class suburbi a of Sydney, where his father was a boiler-maker.After studying at Fort Street High School he graduated in law from the University of Sydney and became a barrister in 1938. At Fort Street, Kerr met Dr H V Evatt, subsequent to become a High Court judge. As a prominent lawyer, Kerr was known for representing trade coalescency clients and had strong ties to the Australian Labor Party. At one stage, in the 1950s, he even intended to footstall for parliament as a Labor candidate. In the 1960s Kerr was promoted to other judicial positions (as well as working for a government intelligence agency), and in this period his political leanings became more conservative. He became finale with Sir Garfield Barwick, the Liberal Attorney-General who had become the Chief Justice of the High Court in 1964. Kerr was appointed Chief Justice of New South Wales in 1972, and when Sir Paul Hasluck retired as Governor-General in July of 1974, Prime Minister Whitlam recommended to the Queen that Kerr take up the position.It has been said that Whitlam seemed to take aim faith in Kerrs political reliability due to his former social rank in the Labor Party. However, Kerrs political views had changed over time and he had come to see the role of governor-general in a different way from Whitlam. The Whitlam Labor Government had come to power in December 1972 by and by 23 years of Liberal/Country Party coalition rule. Campaigning on the slogan Its Time, the ALP seemed to have the support of the nation, although in reality their margin of victory was relatively narrow. Whitlam was the first of a new fictitious character of Labor prime minister. He put in place a number of progressive legislative proposals, implementing free education policies, reaching out to Asia and breaking with the US on foreign policy. His approach, however, did meet with roughly resistance.The Senate, with great determination opposed and rejected some of Whitlams key legislative proposals. This included Bills des igned to establish a free health insurance system to provide Senate representation for the Australian Capital stain and the Northern Territory to reform the organisation of electorates and to allow the government to oversee the mining of oil and minerals. The recurrent rejection of Whitlams bills led to the calling of a double dissolution election, in which all members in both Houses are up for re-election. A political scandal withal forced the election. Prior to the double dissolution election, Whitlam maneuvered to render an extra Senate vacancy in Queensland by offering a sitting senator, Vince Gair, an ambassadorship. Whitlam hoped Labor could win the empty seat and take control of the Senate.The so-called Gair Affair infuriated the Opposition, who threatened to block tack in the Senate, which meant exercising its power to reject or defer appropriation or money bills. It is a constitutional necessity that the government be allocated money by the parliament through the pa ssing of annual appropriation bills. These bills give the government the money it necessitates to govern the country and to run parliament for the financial year. In response to these blockages and hoping to secure his position with a strong re-election, Whitlam went to the then Governor-General Hasluck, and gained the double dissolution election which was held in May of 1974. The Whitlam government was re-elected, although with a reduced majority, and the Senate continued to present an obstacle the agenda of the government. During 1975, the Government also was involved in the Overseas Loans Affair. The Whitlam government had a number of plans it needed funded.These included the construction of a natural gas pipeline, the electrification of interstate railways and a uranium enrichment plant. Some of Whitlams ministers seeked to raise an overseas loan of $4 billion to fund these projects, but rather than go to the usual American and European sources, they seeked financing from the o il-rich affectionateness East. A Pakistani broker was used to secure the loan and the entire process was considered questionable by members of the government, media and public. In the end, no loan was ever gained and no broking commissions paid, but Whitlams government was make to look heady and foolish. In the face of economic difficulties and the political impact of the Loans Affair, Whitlam remained vulnerable throughout 1975. After a serial of put outations in 1975, Opposition Leader Malcolm Fraser announced that the Opposition would use its numbers in the Senate to block supply until Whitlam called another election.Whitlam refused, and this confrontation was followed by several weeks of constitutional crisis, which raised a number of crucial questions close to Australian democracy and the roles of the House of Representatives and Senate in the Australian system. Governor-General Kerr took an active interest in the crisis and became convinced of the need to dismiss Whitlam from office. In a later assertion, Kerr said he believed that it was the democratic and constitutional solution to dismiss a prime minister who could not guarantee supply and to let the Australian people finalise the conflict. Kerr sought the advice of his friend Chief Justice Barwick, who endorsed the legality of the action on Monday, 10 November 1975. On Tuesday 11 November 1975 (Remembrance Day), Whitlam proposed calling a half-Senate election, but the Governor-General rejected this proposal and instead, officially dismissed Whitlam from power. Fraser was asked to step in as a caretaker prime minister.A double dissolution election was held on 13 December of that year. Although the House of Representatives passed several motions of confidence in the Whitlam Government and instructed the Speaker, Gordon Scholes, to send this message to Kerr, the governor-general was steadfast in his decision. Scholes subsequently wrote to the Queen, who replied that thither was no place for her in volvement or interjection in an internal Australian political conflict. At the 13 December election, Frasers Liberal-National coalition was elected with a large margin. For Whitlams supporters the events of November 1975 were shocking and an abuse of the governor-generals power. In Kerrs statement of reasons for the dismissal, he made the case that he was simply doing his job to uphold democracy, stating that The decisions I have made were made after I was satisfied that Mr Whitlam could not obtain supply. No other decision blossom forth to me would enable the Australian people to decide for themselves what should be done.In the wake of the Dismissal, Kerr remained a controversial figure for the rest of his life. Due to a public problem with drinking he was later forced to resign as the Australian Ambassador to UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). He lived in England for some years and died on 7 April 1991. After another defeat in 1977, Whitlam resigned from parliament. Malcolm Fraser went on to be Prime Minister for roughly eight years until his defeat by Bob Hawke in 1983. The Dismissal remains a controversial subject in the history of Australian politics, and is particularly relevant to happening debates about Australia becoming a republic and further empowering the Head of State. The constitutional and political effects of the Dismissal remain of importance to anyone evoke in Australian politics and the structures of power in Australia.